Consistency concerning Essay Example for Free

Consistency concerning EssayIn my StrengthsFinder 2. 0 evaluation, I found a lot of patterns about myself which I believe to be true. My top five themes are Consistency, Relator, Arranger, Harmony, and Signifi clearce. Since I am an extrovert, I set out the description under Consistency concerning the need to treat people equally to be especially true. I sleep with organism around a lot of people, especially a large radical of friends and I enjoy doing group projects and drive them to be completed much more efficiently than if I was doing them by myself and alone. In fact, since I am good at delegating tasks, I find that group projects fag be completed far more efficiently if I am in the role as leader. In this way, I can treat everyone equally and be especially fair in equal task performance. Also, since I feel comfortable making sure everyone is treated fairly, I function to notice when people are being treated with bias. Being a Relator definitely ties in with my extrove rsion. I get by people and I love being around people.I identify with the characteristics described in my Relator profile, because I rattling do enjoy getting close to people and I tend to spend a lot of time focusing on personal intimate activities which would help us share closer bonds. In fact, one of my unprompted forces is to develop air-tight relationships with my friends and lifelong bonds. I am still close friends with people I knew in grade school, and I tend to strive toward that finishing with others even today.The Arranger theme specifies that not only am I an organizer, but that I have the flexibility to arrange all of the pieces of my life for level best potential. I especially find this to be so during a group activity. Rather than delineating tasks to random people, I enjoy knowing and applying their different strengths to for each one task. I tend to categorize people and specify tasks to order, so that everyone is not only doing something which they are good at, but which they also enjoy.I feel that this builds a group focus, where everyone is appreciated for their strengths and where everyone gets an equal voice. I enjoy building group harmony, so that we can grow together, rather than away from each other and separately. This kind of leads into the following(a) strength I have Harmony. Not only do I enjoy a wide variety of people, but I really enjoy finding common ground between them and mixing them together. In fact, I get a real kick out of making friends between ii people who ordinarily would never cross paths.I have a little bit of a reputation among my friends as the arbitrator of our groups, because I really like to focus on how we can all just along peaceably and enjoyably. Though it may seem like I enjoy appointment because I am constantly putting widely different people together, the truth is, I only enjoy doing this if I believe that I can bring some balance between them and if I think that they have enough in common to g et along.My category of Significance This leads back to my extroversion and leadership roles among groups. I enjoy taking credit for a job well done, and even though I enjoy for everyone to get equal credit, I really like being the center of the spotlight sometimes. Also, because I am so often around a group of people, one of the ways I enjoy gaining and retaining significance is by being the arbitrator between people. I enjoy it when other people ask me for advice and help with their personal or sociable problems.Not only do I feel qualified and adept at handling these problems, but I get a rush from being the one who they ask to assist them. I like being the one who everyone runs to for help, I guess because I feel needed and wanted, and also because it means that my attempts to scuff closer to their personal lives were successful. I feel like I am an accepted part of the group if I remain qualified to help each individual with their lives.

Research approach and strategy analysis

inquiry glide path and strategy analysisIn this chapter inquiryer has presented the problem of the inquiry and empirical analysis has been done primarily with the in depth querys and also employ secondary literature for back up. This chapter will start with look into rule followed by the philosophy applied for the seek. research approaching and strategy ar further discussed, which will be applied during the entropy analysis. Researcher has further discussed the data collection rule, use for the findings and discussion. Finally, concluded with the estim fit constraint and limitations of research in the research.This research investigates the causes of employee in the Indian clamor bosom industry. Formulating and clarifying the research topic is the starting point of your research take to (Ghauri and Cronhaug, 2002). The Indian adjure centre industry is facing a huge challenge of employee turnover today which is effecting the growth of bellow centres in India and also loss of r eveningue. The HR managers have implemented various strategies to retain employees. But, still the employee turnover is at peak and in this competitive industry, its critical to find out the attain land for turnover and the present strategies in pattern by the managers to reduce the turnover. Thus, the purpose of the study is to look at the secern factors of turnover and shell practice to minimize it, by addressing following chiefsIdentify the factors leading to employee turnover in the Indian Call centre industry.Find out how Recruitment and Training quarter contribute to Turnover.Establish the issues waitd by Call centre Managers in India due to turnover.Find out the effective retention strategies by HR Managers in India.Establish whether there are whatever other best practices or innovative ways to reduce the employee turnover.Research MethodResearcher has followed the Onion parade illustrated by (Saunders et al, 2003) to start the research with the best possible out adopt.FPowerpointpe_ukPE083-SaundersFinal_FilesGifch04C04NF001.gif inception Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2006Researcher has used the onion process as the research method and has followed the pattern judicially through out the chapter. The detective has started the chapter with the outer part of the onion which is research philosophy. Here detective has tried to explain the philosophy which he is going to use in the research. Secondly, the research approach is been discussed to find out the correct approach for this research. Researcher has gone to the next layer by discussing the research strategy followed by time horizons. entropy collection method is done in the last phase of chapter and have disclosed the appropriate method used in the research.Research PhilosophyThe research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge(Saunders et al, 2003). Many authors have discussed and defined research paradigms. To Guba (1 990, p.17), a research paradigm is a basic set of beliefs that guide action. Research paradigm helps in understanding the investigation better as business and direction police detectives we need to be alive(predicate) of commitment towards philosophy we make through our choice of research strategy. Johnson and Clark(2006) argues that the important issue is non so much whether our research should be philosophically informed, but it is how well we inform are satisfactory to reflect upon our philosophical choices. Corbetta (2003, p.13) presents a list of research paradigms as followsExplanation sagacityPositivist Post-positivist InterpretivistThere are two main paradigms named positivism and Interpretivism.Positivism was originated in nineteenth century, by French and English cultures and the further development was steered by the French culture (Corbetta, 2003).Positivists adopt the positive stance of the innate(p) scientist(Saunders,2003). Corbetta (2003) says positivist parad igm is the study of social reality utilizing the conceptual framework, the techniques of thoughtfulness and measurement, the instruments of mathematical analysis, and the procedures of the natural accomplishments. Positivism is a epistemological position that advocates the application of the methods of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond(Bryman,2008). The methodology is noblely structured so that replication brush aside be facilitated. (Gill and Johnson, 1997 cited by Saunders et al,2003).Interpretivism emerged with the criticism of positivism, from researchers. The first criticism attack was made by German philosopher who said they are non homologous to the natural sciences, (Corbetta, 2003) and hence its not possible to separate researchers from their critics. Interpretivism helps in understanding the difference between humans in our role as social actors. Weber (1904, cited by Corbetta,2003) brought the concept of Verstehen into sociology which was more inclined toward objectivity rather than subjectivity of social science two in terms of everyday nature and value judgment. The Interpretivists aim at exploring the complexness of social phenomena with a view to gain interpretive understanding(Collins and Hussey,2009). Interpretivism overlooked the positivism approach towards subjectivity and used objectivity approach, built on the interpretations of individuals to understand the society. This open(a) the new era of sociological research with positivism being the former, the study of everyday biography.(Corbetta,2003).In my caseThe research in planned to explore, what are the key reasons for employee leaving the organization and what can be done by HR managers to reduce the turnover. The researcher has chosen the Interpretative philosophy as the research has to dole out with social issues. It has the elements like working culture within the organization, employee dissatisfaction and relationship with the management, this r esearch aims to locate some complex social issues. The researcher conducts the in depth ambiguous wonders observing the participant response to gain the understanding of research. The researcher feels Interpretivism is the most suitable method to do the further research.Research come alongAccording to Saunderss (2003), deductive and inductive are two main approaches which can be practised. Even though it does not hold any practical value, researcher argues that inductive approach owes more to Interpretivism and deductive approach to positivism.Inductive approach is generally is a bottom up approach and deductive approach is vice versa. Inductive approach starts with observation, then analyzing the data and finally developing the guess of the outcome. Deductive approach is in scientific research most of the time where you already have self-contained data, consequently you develop a hypothesis and decide whether to accept or reject and finally come to the conclusion with the sta tistics and data.(Burns and Burns,2008). It involves development of a theory that is subjected to a rigorous test and the attempt is made to verify the revised theory by going back to the first step and repeating the whole cycle(Hussey and Hussey, 1997 cited by Saunders et al,2003). Deductive theory is been criticized because of its rigid methodology that does not permit alternative explanations.(Saunders et, al).http// tribelearn.homestead.com/induct.gifInductive Approachhttp//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/Assets/images/deduct.gifhttp//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQPzzir_nrIG4DS8apIXFhnySI_50Xo_nLyJa72skH2eFRV9ezgGwhttp//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQPzzir_nrIG4DS8apIXFhnySI_50Xo_nLyJa72skH2eFRV9ezgGwDeductive approachSource (Burns and Burns,2008)In Inductive approach, researchers look into the empirical observation and draw the conclusion based on it and in Deductive approach the conclusions are made through logical reasoning. The researcher argues that inductive approa ch in not 100% sure about the conclusions because it is based on the empirical observation, the other approach may not be true in reality, but it is logical (Gauri and Grenhoug, 2005). The inductive approach strength is that without an understanding the human interpretation in this social world, you can make a cause-effect link between two variables.(Saunders et al,2003). Hussey (1997cited by Saunders et al,2003) says deductive approach is a dominant approach in the natural sciences where law provides the infrastructure of explanation, permit the expected value of phenomena, predict their occurrence and therefore allow them to be controlled. However, the science philosopher Popper (1959, cited by Gauri and Grenhoug,2005) argues though there is no such thing as objective observation and thus since theories can never be proven to be true, they can whole be proven to be sour.Inductive approach is generally colligate to the qualitative research and the deductive approach to quanti tative research. Quantitative and Qualitative are the two main research methods (Blaikie, 2004). Quantitative research is generally bear on with the measurement and qualitative do not. (Layder,1993, cited by Gauri and Grohaug 2005). In qualitative research we are inclined towards the meaning and interpretation of the functioning of organization, social environment and relationships remote in the latter where the findings arrive with statistical methods. The main difference between these research methods is not the quality but the pattern, they follow, it also depends upon the polar perspective and the objective.(Gauri and Gronhaug,2005). The researcher has used the combined approach for the research as it gives the best outcome possible and gives more advantage to the research.(Saunders et al,2003).QualitativeResearchphenomenologicalinductiveholistic subjective/insider centeredprocess orientedanthropological worldviewrelative lack of controlgoal understand actors viewdynamic real ity assumed slice of lifediscovery orientedexplanatoryQuantitativeResearchpositivistichypothetico/deductiveparticularisticobjective/outsider centeredoutcome orientednatural science worldviewattempt to control variablesgoal find facts causesstatic reality assumed relative constancy in lifeverification orientedconfirmatorySource Cook and Reichardt (1979) http//qualitativeresearch.ratcliffs.net/1.htmIn my caseIn order to answer the research queries, research has to understand the human behaviour and the functions. Data collected from small numerate of carefully selected samples on relevant issues can be sufficient in this case (Patton, 1990, cited by Gauri and Gronhaug, 2005). It was not possible to float the questionnaire a ball up the call centre due to lack of time and availability. Therefore, researcher has conducted in depth interviews with the team up member and managers of different call centres. The interviews are done via telephone because it was easily handy and saves co st. Also it can be done in less amount of time and quickly. The only draw back is the researcher would not be able to witness the non-verbal behaviour because the interviews are not face to face interview. Researcher has tried to get the data of the research through value, needs and feeling of the employees by asking them open ended questions. The researcher has used simple and understandable language and has been choosy with the terminology. This will be a qualitative research in which researcher will provide the result on the basis of interviews. As researcher has also used literature to guide the questions, used combined method approach is used to get a better result.Research StrategyAccording to Saunders et al (2003), research strategy will be a general plan of how you will go about answering the research questions(s) you has set. It will give you a clear picture of your strategy being applied on the case and will give you a clear objective of your research question also will te ll the specific source considering the constraints like access to data, time, location, ethical issues etc. There are different strategies which can be used depending on your research method experiment, survey case study grounded theory ethnography action research cross sectional and longitudinal studies beta, descriptive and explanatory studies. These strategies can be used according to the need of the research and cannot be extra to one strategy, if the research demands, researcher can use multiple strategies. (Saunders et al, 2003).In my caseThe researcher uses the exploratory strategy in order to find the objective of the research. The strength of exploratory study helps you to give a strong backing to the finding by clarifying it and getting close to the objective. The researcher has conducted rigging structured interviews and has covered the questions through in depth interviews. Also few of the questions have been omitted and added as per the need of the interview. With the growth of natural science philosophers became increasingly aware that a deductivecan only bring out what is already implicit in its premises, and hence inclined to insist that all new knowledge must come from some form of induction.(Stebbins, 2001). The qualitative data and inductive approach has been approached to enhance the interpretation of data.Time HorizonThere are two types of time horizons, hybridize sectional and longitudinal. Cross sectional is generally referred as snap shot because it is conducted in a short period of time and Longitudinal is when a research is done through over a period of time, it is also called Diary.In my CaseDue to constraint of time, researcher had to take a snapshot at a particular time. The interviews are conducted over a short period of time using the qualitative method and whilst taken the cross sectional study.The cross sectional study is being approached to get the result for the research. The key factors for turn over and its resolution is calculated by conducting face to face interviews over a limited period of time. (Saunders et al, 2003).Data CollectionIt is very important that a successful research project must be based on high quality though process and research design must be based on flow of logic and number of assumptions which must be able to stand up to the closest scrutiny.(Saunders et al,2003).The research population for this study entails different managers from different companies. There are HR managers and operations managers being interview from the sr. management including the Team Leaders. Also different team members from different call centres were picked to make sure there are no biases. (Saunders et al, 2003).Using Primary Data through InterviewsSemi Structured InterviewAn Interview is purposeful discussion between two or more people(Kahn and Cannell, 1957 cited by Saunders et al, 2003). Due to the shortage of people to fill the questionnaires, researcher has attempted to contact the potentia l interviewees by conducting carriagetrailer structured interviews. According to Ghauri and Gronhaug (2005),To be able to run the interview efficiently and without any disturbances, the researcher needs to know the respondent, his background, values and expectations. Keeping all this in mind, researcher has tried to fulfil all the expectations. Interviews are often considered the best data collection methods and can be done vial mail, telephone or in person.InterviewsInterview by phonePersonal InterviewInterview by mailA typology of interviewsSource Ghauri and Gronhaug(2005)The researcher has conducted all the interviews via telephone and recorded it due to time and constraint otherwise researcher had to go to India to conduct the face to face interviews.Researcher was able to gather valid and reliable data for the research question and objective through these interviews. Through semi structured interview, researcher covered the set of questions with the interviewees. Researcher p referred semi structured interview because it was in expensive and the database to sample was not huge, also it gave freedom to use the question according to need of the situation. Researcher has prepared open ended questions and has made two different sets. The first set is made for the team members and has two different scenarios, first being the current job and the second is on the previous job experience if applicable. The second set of questions is for the managers which will discuss the impacts of turnover and the best practice which can be implemented in Indian call centre industry.When you are undertaking an exploratory study, or a study that includes an exploratory element it is likely that you will include qualitative research interview in your approach (Cooper and Schindler, 1998). As researcher have talked to interviewees to find out the reason of turnover(Why do they leave) and also what can be done to minimize it?, basically their beliefs and behaviour in respect to tu rnover, the exploratory compliments the semi structured interview very well by adding value to it. The researcher has ensured the quality of the primary data was unbiased and reliable. The researcher has tried be unbiased while conducting the interviews with both managers and team members ensuring there is no hierarchy biases.Researcher has ensured that the interviews were compiled in short period of time keeping the constraint of time in mind. It took just 3 days to transcript the interviews and making sure that data was valid and accurate. Also interview had taken the permission before hand from the interviewees and did send the voice recording for their reference. This has omitted the possibility of data being misplaced or misused in a short period of time.(Ghauri and Gronhaug,2002). The interview questions are included as a part of Appendices (Appendix A and B).Access to DataResearcher got the access to interviewees by emailing the research questions to the employees and the ma nagers in the Indian call centres. As researcher has 5 days of working experience working in the same industry, it was easy to approach the managers and the team members for the interview. They all are the inbound call centres with different customer serve well processes. Researcher managed to conduct interview with 5 managers from different call centres and 7 team members from different call centres again. All the interviews lasted between 30 to 45 proceedings and the permission was taken by the interviewees. Interviewees are from Wipro, American express, SITEL India and V care, all these companies are the leading call centres in India. The interviewee is conducted with the operations manager, training head and HR manager from 4 different call centres in India and team members participated from 5 different call centres. All the participants are Indian, 11 male and 2 distaff have participated in the interview. The managers and team members are mostly graduates who have pursued t heir education from different universities. Most of the employees participated are from Gurgaon, India which is the main hub of call centres. The interviewee in the research will be abbreviated as Interviewee A, Interviewee B, Interviewee C, Interviewee D, Interviewee E, Interviewee F, Interviewee G and Interviewee 1, Interviewee 2, Interviewee 3, Interviewee4, Interviewee5 as employees and the mangers respectively, with their opinion based on the interview questions.Using Secondary DataResearcher has used the primary data as the main source, but has also referred to some of the journals for better insight. The secondary data has collected to compare with the interviews to make the base even stronger and has added value to the research. In this research, qualitative secondary data has been studied which comes under the category of compiled data, which has helped to get an inference on the turnover in the India Call ticker Industry. The author has assured that the secondary data col lected is from repute cites and the data is absolutely valid and reliable.Qualitative DataThe research study is analysed on the basis of qualitative data in a well planned manner and the approach is inductive, therefore the qualitative data will reflect the inductive approach. (Robson 2002 cited by Saunders et al, 2003) has said the qualitative data are the characterized by their richness and fullness based on the level of exploration of the subject, whilst researcher has concentrated in the qualitative data, which remains the key factor for the research with the interpretation of data. Researcher has used the exploratory strategy among the different methods to find out the result. The strategy adopted is Interpretivist, semi structured and inductive type of qualitative analysis.(Saunders et al,2003).In my caseResearcher has taken in depth interviews with the managers and the team members of the different call centres through semi structured interviews. Secondary data has also been used marginally in order to back up the primary data. Researcher has conducted the first phase of interview with team members to find out the key factors of turn over and then with mangers to find the best practice to minimize the turnover through qualitative data.Research Methodology OverviewThe summary of the research methodology is categorized below for reference.PhaseMethodResearch PhilosophyInterpretive research philosophyResearch ApproachCombined approach inductive and deductiveResearch StrategyExploratory methodTime HorizonCross sectional which includes indepth interview with different call centre managers and team members.Research Data Collection methodsSemi structured interview and secondary dataEthical ConstraintWells defines Ethics in term of a code of behaviour appropriate to academics and the conduct of the search. It is important that the interviewees be aware of the transparency of the data. They should be mad aware of, for what purpose the interview is being conducte d and to what extend will that be used for the academic purpose. The research should keep the ethical constraint in mind and without harming the research population to humiliation. (Saunders et al,2003).In my caseResearcher has given ethics the highest priority to ethics as it can lead to integrity issue. Researcher has assured that the data provided by the respondents are kept confidential as per the laws of Call Centres and have hidden their original identity. Researcher had to face constraint while getting the interviews done with the managers of different call centre. The researcher has assured that all the interviews were recorded over the phone and has kept it with him securely as it is confidential. Researcher has also pre informed the purpose of interview to the Managers and the team member. However they have been assured that the names used will be different due to integrity issue and will be used only for the academic purpose.Limitations of MethodologyThe major limitation of the research is the time constraint and the availability of interviewees.The researcher wanted to go to India, personally to conduct the interviews, as the research is based on the Turnover in Indian call centres. Due to time constraint, researcher had to take interviews over the phone in a limited period of time. Also, due to less availability of interviewees, researcher could not conduct the surveys, but had to settle with the in depth interviews. The researcher has taken interviews with manager of reputed call centres and also with number of team members.Grix, J.(2004) The foundations of research. Palgrave Macmillan.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thorn hill, A(200) Research Methods for subscriber line Students 5th ed. Essex Pearson education limitedCorbetta, P(2003) Social Research Theory, Methods, Techniques. London Sage publicationCollis, J., Hussey, R.(2009). Business research A practical guide for undergraduate and post graduate students. 3rd ed Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Burns, R., Burns, R(2008). Business Research Methods and Statistics using SPSS.London Sage publicationGauri,P., Grenhoug, K(2005)Research Methods in Business Stuidies. England Pearsono Education limitedBlaikie, N(2004) Designing Social Research. Cambridge Polity press.Stubbins, R(2001)Exploratory Research In The Social Sciences.online. Available from http//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=hDE13_a_oEsCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=exploratory+research+quatationsots=NjPGX3EDxKsig=ROhiiChNXY2ssFUEN_0DfQrmzvAv=onepageqf=false

Factors Affecting the Oxidation of Iron Alloys

Factors Affecting the Oxidation of cast- adjure AlloysAbstractThis reputation is about the prevention of the composition of Iron Oxide. For the purpose of this probe three surfaces have been electroplated to the sword electrodes. The electrodes were then shoesd next to a t open salt solution approximately the same as that of ocean water .The plenty changes in the lift were then measured and placed into a selective information table. From this data table I made a column graph to distinctly show how the effects of for each one of the coatings had on the rate of oxidisation of the brand electrodes. The big money change of the electrodes was shown with the measuring of these electrodes some(prenominal) before and after the 2 week space of time in which they were entirelyowed to rust.The results that were obtained from the investigation have proved to be conclusive with the hypothesis that was suggested. This shows that the best elbow room of nourishing metallic ele ment from eating away was through the usage of cop as a complete coating of the electrode. This action also showed that current methods of galvanization protected some areas but as soon as at that place was any disturbance in the surface of the metal the corrosion of the iron took hold and rust was formed where the zinc oxide socio-economic class receded from. The overall way that the three coatings worked was that strapper was the best followed by zing and finally the plate coating proved to be worst actually accelerating the corruption of the nerve electrode.IntroductionThe destruction of marque around the oceans salty air has been a consistent battle by both fishermen and mariners end-to-end history. Growing up around the ocean has left me with little doubt about the destructive power of the oceans salty air. The formation of Iron III Oxide and Iron II Oxide to a greater extent commonly known as rust has always been a problem affecting the local ocean side businesses. T he problem of decay has been around for thousands of years from when man first began to create things made of steel. The first early unconscious processes to prevent crumble were to simply cover the metal in fauna fat or oil this hydrophobic covering was the main way in which materials were treated to prevent the pretendup of iron oxide. The invention of electroplating of metals changed how metals were treated thereafter. Having and interest in maritime transport and seeing how the quidive hulls of ships were constructed from steel. Steel has tendency to rust as well as to become highly susceptible to the effects of salt water. Salt water is an aqueous sodium chloride solution acts as an electrolyte solution which allows for rusting to occur at a more significant rate. The prevention of rusting of the hulls of ships is to attach zinc close ups to the hulls of ships. I became aware of this method because one day as I was diving I saw a round block that was link to the engin e of our skiff. When I asked what it was my father told me it was a zinc block. The zinc block reacts with the salt water to create a basic solution which prevents the formation of the iron oxide on the hulls of these tankers. Another method that is commonly apply by mariners to combat the ever-present effects of the oxidation on the building materials is a process known as galvanization. Galvanization is the process by which a thin layer of zinc is electrically fused onto the surface of the steel. This fusing of zinc to the surface of the steel is known as electroplating. The electro plating of various metals to the surface of steel has been used as both a way to decorate the steel and as a ways of protecting the surfaces from either corrosion or the buildup of an oxide layer. The usage of horseshit as a coating was originally used when huge sheets of hammered pig bed were affixed to the hulls of ships to prevent drill worms from entering the wood as well as to prevent the build up of bio fouling organic material such as moss or barnacles because copper oxide is mildly poisonous. I wanted to investigate whether metals that experienced similar resistance to oxidation also proved to be beneficial in the coating of steel to prevent the buildup the damaging iron oxides. I have also seen that atomic number 28 copper and zinc have each been used in the coating of metals for both the purposes of chemical prevention of degradation of coated metal to decorative uses.Back ground informationThe composition of sea water (sodium chloride solution)Ocean water is unremarkably around 35 parts per thousand of salt vs water this means that the sodium chloride content in salt water is around 3.5% of the total volume. whence in 1 kg of salt water there is 35grams of salt.(Seawater 01 Apr 2014)The composition of steelSteel is an iron alloy which consists ofPlain SteelCarbon 1.35%Is used to strengthen the iron in the composition of steelManganese 1.65%Is to react with the sul phur in the composition of steel and this reaction augments the heat resistance of the steel.phosphoric .04%Used to reduce the corrosion present on the surface of the steelSulfur .05%May cause steel to become too porous and disposed to cracking if the manganese mixture is not correct.Silicon .06%Acts as a deoxidizer in the steel making process(Steel January 06 2014)Rusting chemical equationsThe rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to atomic number 8. The iron is the reducing agent (gives up electrons) while the oxygen is the oxidizing agent (gains electrons). The rate of corrosion is change by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by the effects of road salt on the corrosion of automobiles. The key reaction is the reduction of oxygenO2 + 4e + 2H2O 4OHBecause it forms hydroxide ions, this process is strongly affected by the presence of acid. Indeed, the corrosion of most metals by oxygen is accelerate d at low pH. Providing the electrons for the above reaction is the oxidation of iron that may be described as followsFe Fe2+ + 2eThe adjacent redox reaction also occurs in the presence of water and is crucial to the formation of rust4Fe2+ + O2 4Fe3+ + 2O2(1)(Dufour , 01 Mar. 2014)The reasoning dirty dog why the coatings workA galvanic anode is the main component of a galvanic cathode protection system. This protection system is usually referred to a (CP) system. The usage of a more reactive metal to be sacrificed instead of the metallic structure is known as sacrificial. The sacrificial anode is usually made from a metal that has a high electric potential than that of the object being protected. This electrical potential causes the sacrificial anode to be corroded instead of the other ferrous material.Electro plating definition/ weaponElectroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an elec trode. The boundary is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation notes chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming. (2)(Dufour 01 2014)This apparatus is used in the majority of tanks which is used to be able to coat metals with the ions in the solution. This is done when an electrical charge is applied to the apparatus and causes a flow in the ions of solution. This flow of elections causes the ions dissolved in the solution to coat the surface of the target metal. The usage of the same metal as is dissolved in solution insures that the overall concentration of ions in solution never diminishes and ensures that there is a continuous flow of the ions in the electrolyte solution.The oxidation processes of copper, nickel, And zincCopper2 CuSO4+ 2 Na2CO3+ H2O Cu2(OH)2CO3+ 2 Na2SO4+ CO2Nickel2Ni(s) + O(g) 2NiO(s) surface2Zn(s) + O2(g) 2ZnO(s)Both nickel and zinc do not react with water however the constant dissociation of the ions in salt water create a thin layer around the metals which is resistant to corrosion. Copper does the same thing as these other two metals however it does react with air and water to from a (patina) this patina is copper oxide layer. This copper oxide layer turns green and a highly resistant coating that is in susceptible further chemical oxidation.Research questionHow do different metal coatings affect the rate of Iron oxides forming on the surface of iron and iron alloys?The research question is to determine how through the plating of some(prenominal) different metals onto a steel strip the rate at which these steel strips become oxidized to become Iron oxide. To investigate the rate I am g oing to take these strips of steel, ensure that they are free of any oxidation, and coat them with exactly the same mass of each of the metals (Copper, Nickel, and Zinc). afterward measuring the mass of each of these cleaned pieces of metal I am then going to set up an electrolytic cell and plate three steel strips with copper. Then three with nickel ,then three with zinc and finally have three test strips to investigate how much of a difference ,if any, the coatings help the Steel to resist the formation of iron oxideHypothesisI Believe that the copper coating will be the most proficient in saving the steel beneath it from any and all corrosion, The zinc would be second best in the prevention in the buildup of the rust as it would act as a sacrificial anode, finally when the nickel plated metal is to be weighed I believe that it will have seen the greatest increase in mass out of the differently coated metal strips.The copper coating would experience the least do of corrosion. Th is is because the copper would form a small amount of oxide around the entire steel strip. This restrictive layer is the main reason that the steel strip would not be affected as much as the other metals. However if there is a piece of the protective coating that may become scratched there would be a significant increase in the rate of rusting by the steel strip. This significant increase in the overall rate of rusting is due to the fact that the iron alloy namely steel would act as a sacrificial anode and this particular proposition trait would cause the formation of iron oxide to increase.The zinc coating would experience a very different accumulation of the oxidation. This is because the zinc will act as a Cathode protection system of the overall strip of steel. This protection system would cause an initial gain in mass however the sacrificial reputation of the zinc, once all of the zinc has reacted, the iron would begin to rust.The nickel would be the least effective because i t is even less reactive than the copper. This means that the effectiveness of the nickel would further increase the effectiveness of the steel as becoming a sacrificial anode this sacrificial anode would mean that rather than the iron being protected by the nickel the nickel would be protected by the corrosion of the steel strip.VariablesControlledThe temperature of the solutions being electrolyisedThis may have increased the rate at which the electrodes were coated with the copper, nickel and zincThe salt content of the water the samples were placed next toThis may have changed and there would have been an increase in the production of rust on the steel electrodesThe balance that the masses were measured onDifferent balances may have changed the readings of the masses of the electrodesThe molarity/ concentration of the solutions used to electroplate the steel electrodesA difference in the concentration of the solutions used may have caused excess etching of the steel and may have c aused certain electrodes to become more or less oxidized.The mass of the electrodes that were electrolyisedThe mass of the electrodes was attempted to be kept the same however they were slightly different but each one was recorded.IndependentThe amount of time for which the electrodes were left to rust.DependentThe mass of rusting / oxidation present after two weeksApparatusMethodology-ExperimentationPlacement of the steel cathode and the metal solutions source metal as an anode. key sure both the steel strip and the copper anode as free of any corrosion/ oxidation before the submersion of the electrodesMake a 1 molar solution of copper sulphate /zinc chloride/Nickel chlorideFill a 100 cm beaker with the .5 molar solution of the metal salt solution.Place a 2 volt charge onto the systemElectrolyize till there is a thorough coating around the entire steel stripThe coating will add around .5 grams of weight to the steel strip.Then take the electrode and gently place it on a piece of pa per towel.Wait until the coated steel strip has dried thoroughlyIf necessary use steel wool to clean away any scum/ hold a shiny surface on the electro plated surfaces.Place the metal strips where they are exposed to both moisture and sodium chloride solution approximately the same as sea water.(22ppt)Measure the mass change of the metal after 2 weeks make any other observations such as colouration change.Raw dataCopperZincNickelSteel untreated (Control)Analyised Data-GraphAnalysis of the graphThis graph shows that the copper was the best at preventing the overall gain in the mass of the steel electrode. This prevention in the gaining of mass was mainly due to the fact that the copper made a complete coating around the entire steel electrode. This coating proved to create a thin film of copper oxide shown to be present on the surface of the electrode because of a slight green color that was beginning to form around the corners of the electrode. The zinc proved to be worse than eve n the control this was due to the fact that the zinc oxide formed also had mass and then the steel also started to become oxidized by the time the two weeks had passed. Although the areas of the electrode which were covered in the zinc oxide there was no iron oxide. The surface of the electrode was spotted with dark brownish red patches this means that there were small rust patches along with the zinc oxide which accounts for the slightly higher mass than that of the control. The reasoning behind why the nickel plated steel electrode had a high mass increase is because of the tendency of the sacrificial anode to be the most reactive metal. The nickel was a stagger less reactive than the steel electrode. The fact that the steel electrode was higher along the reactivity series than that of the nickel used caused the steel to become sacrificed in the place of the nickel. This reason is why the steel was most affected in the coating containing the nickel.ConclusionAfter my testing the hypothesis was proven to be correct. This proving of the hypothesis allowed for me to be able to ascertain that the best way in which to treat steel was with a complete copper covering and secondly with a zinc coating . These two ways in which the metals may be treated are feasible in the fact that zinc bars are usually attached to underwater structures this prevention is known as CP system. This CP prevention is highly affective however it requires a lot of up keep and it does not completely protect the entire surface of the steel as was seen by my testing results. The only one of the results that seemed to have completely worked was the copper coating. The coating of the steel by copper created a hydrophobic coating of copper oxide. The copper oxide had a slight increase in the mass measured by the balance. This slight increase in the mass was due to the fact that the salty air was not able to reach the steel electrode. This prevention ultimately allowed for the electrode to becom e protected from the oxidation. The overall way in which the metals were protected is going to allow for me to take my findings and apply them to the everyday usage in which I have begun to realize that we use both electrolysis and oxidation prevention on a daily basis.Possible improvementsThe amounts of retests as well as the length of testing may be increased this increase in length of testing can allow to see the amount of time taken for the complete disintegration of the metal. The increase of testing of the metals will allow for the in accurate nature for these results as well as the nature by which the metals have been protected from the corrosion. The accuracy of the testing may have been increased through the usage of metal which may have been free of corrosion unlike the metal which I have used. The metal that I used for my expirement had already been heavy corroded and I had to clean it with strong acid as well as to use some sand paper to clean the surface of the metal. After the cleaning of the metal I was only able to remove some of the corrosion. This major limitation of my expirement was that I wasnt able to clean the corrosion which talent have caused the copper coating not to adhere to the surface of the electrode. Finally the most major limitation of my expirement was the time I had in which to complete the experiments. firstly I had to wait for the materials to arrive for which to be able begin my expirement, my chemicals as well to get the metal strips cut from a long sheet.BibliographyJim, Dufour. Electroplating.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Mar. 2014. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating.Rust.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Aug. 2014. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust.Seawater.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Apr. 2014. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeawaterAmerican Experience TVs Most-watched History Series.PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh /americanexperience/features/general-article/streamliners-steel/.

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Housing

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Ho useIntroductionIn recent times sweet buildings perk up been the primary(prenominal) focus in terms of improving capability susceptibility in the construction industry. This agenda has been led by the introduction of minimal sinew performance standards in Part L of the buildings regulations back in 2006.In recent times the code for sustainable homes has already set the stub of net zero in ampere-second emissions by 2016 for all new domestic buildings. Recent Part L amendments atomic keep down 18 ge bed towards ensuring the target is met. The proposal for 2010 is for a preservation of 25% in CO2 emissions per year comp ared with 2006 levels. (Rabin, 2009) These challenging standards proposed for the building regulations in regards to new builds means that the industrys attention leave behind continue to focus severely on new buildings.However, new buildings only(prenominal) account for 1-2% of the total building stock eac h year, meaning that, if the government is to get close to its target of barren carbon 80% by 2050, (Summers, 2008) signifi croupt CO2 reductions will need to come from real buildings.87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) which is why government, industry and home owners are all looking into the benefits of refurbishing the living housing stock.AimsThe main aims of the research switch are toInvestigate how existing housing deal be upgraded to wince carbon emissionsInvestigate whether eco-regaining is set- legal in terms of both m integritytary approachs and Co2 emission reduction.ObjectivesThe main objectives of the research project areTo introduce the concept of eco-refurbishmentTo explain why upgrading an existing housing stock is necessaryTo investigate options for model renovation upgrades. active housing stock Carbon emissions outputThe code for sustainable homes is pushing forward in terms of the new build sector and the ai m of zero carbon construction by 2016. The focus on the new build sector overshadows the existing housing stock despite it having an even bigger quality to play in terms of reducing Co2 Emissions.Current predictions estimate that in 2050, the existing (pre-2006) housing stock will still make up two thirds of the UKs housing. This stock is exemplaryly poorly performing when measured by todays heightened energy efficiency standards, and hence it is essential that measures are taken to reduce its associated carbon emissions. (Greenbang, 2009)Each accommodatehold in the UK creates around five and a half(prenominal) tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. Thats five and a half times the weight of the trash a household throws away in a year. Its also nearly double the carbon dioxide emissions that the average car produces in a year. ( push only ifton Saving Trust, (n/d))Options for cloth upgradePrioritiesFrom the outset consideration must(prenominal) be taken as to which measures are co nstitute establishive in terms of both monetary monetary value and Co2 emission reduction. The options for fabric upgrade quite a little be split into ten specific groups- rings Most post -1930 homes have cavity walls and still the majority in the UK do not have the benefit of cavity-fill insulating material. (Smith, 2004) Immediate increases in comfort, as hearty as lower energy bills could be met if this deficiency was to be rectified.Roofs Poorly insulated detonators passport rising ignite the ideal escape route.Floors The British climate causes floors to be a particular drain in terms of heat lost.Windows Double Glazing has gained a hold on the housing sector, not to the lowest degree because of the assertive marketing tactics of some double glazing companies. In part, this is because it is perceived as a fashion accessory to a home. (Smith, 2004) High performance double glazing which uses low emissive glass is now required by the building regulations.Doors Double glassed doors can now be manufactured in a similar fashion to double glassy windows.Space high temperature and hot water A number of central heating arrangings remain in use within the UK which are well infra current top hat coif. appearance tightness honest draught-proofing can have a benefit out of all proportion to its cost. However, if the draught sealing has been carried out really utilely, it may be necessary to leave alone fan-assisted ventilation. (Smith, 2004)Ventilation Controlled ventilation is necessary to provide a healthy internal environment.Lighting and Appliances Appliances and white salutarys are often major energy drains, especially fridges and freezes. (Smith, 2004) When surrogate appliances it is vital the appliance carries an energy speech recommended certificate markRenewable and low carbon technologies Renewable technologies can offer additional reductions in environmental impact.The energy saving trust Best practice in refurbishmentThe ene rgy saving trust produced a report in which a refurbishment standard was designed to give optimum balance of environmental performance and operableity. Using the best practice specification ensures that refurbishment work is carried out to the highest practical standard, and the maximum cost and carbon nest egg are established for residents, and the environment. (The vitality Savings Trust, 2008)Table Summary of Energy Saving Trust best practice in refurbishment standardAreas of ImprovementWallsWhere apt(predicate), walls should be insulated to get through a maximum U-value of 0.30W/mK.RoofsFor best practice, aim for a U-value of 0.16 W/mK when installing disengagement between the joists or rafters. Flat roofs should be insulated to achieve a U-value of 0.25 W/mK or better.FloorsExposed floors should be insulated to achieve a maximum U value of 0.20-0.25 W/mK.WindowsReplacement windows should have a BFRC rating in band C or above. whatever retained windows should be draugh t-stripped.DoorsReplacement doors should have a maximum U-value of 1.0 W/mK if impregnable, or 1.5 W/mK if half-glazed. All existing doors should be draught-strippedSpace heating and hot waterDomestic wet central heating systems and hot water should be installed to meet central heating system specification (CHeSS Year 2008 standard HR6 or HC6. Where electricity is the only option, the recommendation contained within Domestic heating by electricity should be followedAir tightnessAir leakage paths can be identified using a pressure test and removed by undertaking remedial sealing. The best practice recommendation is to aim for an strip permeability of 5m/(hm) at 50Pa.VentilationA purpose-provided ventilation system should be installed.Lighting and appliancesWhen re-wiring dedicated lamp appointments should be installed which acquire only low-energy bulbs. Ideally greater than 75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fittings. Low energy appliances should be spec ified which control energy saving recommended certification mark.Renewable and low carbon technologiesAfter all basic energy efficiency advances have been undertaken the specification of renewable technologies, often(prenominal) as solar hot water heating or photovoltaics, is encouraged where appropriate to further reduce environmental impact.Source Figures taken from Roadmap to 60% Eco-refubishment P.8The twist FabricInsulation AssumptionsThe cost and paybacks shown in tables under each area of potence fabric upgrade are approximations made by the energy saving trust they are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. A gas price of 3.80p/kWh has been used in their calculations. immaterial WallsTo reduce the amount of heat lost through external walls, the installation of insulating material is required. Three common methods are traditionally used, the most cost effective being cavity wall insulation. Alternative methods include external wall insulation, or int ernal insulated dry-lining, these are generally used if the wall has no cavity. endocarp Wall InsulationTypically all masonry cavity walls built since the 1930s are suitable for the installation of insulation. Polystyrene beads or mineral fibre with a U-value of 0.30W/mK are blown in the wall cavity through a hole. It is recommended that installation be undertaken by an approved company using an approved system under the British Board of Agreement (BBA).Internal Wall InsulationWhen either a cavity wall or solid masonry wall are un-suitable for cavity insulation then(prenominal) internal wall insulation can be a cost effect solution. This is most cost effective when the existing plaster is being renewed. The wall should be insulated to achieve a maximum U-value of 0.30W/mK. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) impertinent Wall InsulationExternal wall insulation offers an alternative method of insulating a masonry wall. The installation and design is a specialist job, and advice should be so ught from an approved company. External wall insulation is the most expensive of the three methods (Smith, 2004) but can be cost effective when otherwise works are being carried out. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d))Pitched RoofsTypically insulation is fitted between ceiling joists and rafters, covering the ceiling area. Any pipes which run through the loft space need be insulated as best possible. The insulation must be at least 250mm thick and have a U-value of 0.16 W/mK. Two layers of insulation is preferred, one between joists and one across the top. loft Ventilation is required to maintain air flow.Flat RoofsFor best practice insulation should be placed above the structure as part of the roof send away, referred to as a warm deck. If this is not possible the insulation may be fitted within the roof structure, often referred to as a ratty deck. To restrain costs low it is recommended to replace the insulation in roofs when the covering requires replacing. A rigid board material of 100mm thickness should be used a U-value of 0.25 W/mK or better is required.Ground FloorHeat is typically lost through the ground floor the amount lost is pendant on the shape and size of the flooring area. It is best to insulate a ground floor whilst works are being carried out. The floor should be insulated to a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/mK.Intermediate FloorsIntermediate floors cease for rooms over an un-heated space, much(prenominal) as a garage or storage room to be insulated. Where there is access from below this can be cost effective. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Mineral fibre insulation should be used to achieve a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/mK.WindowsTraditional windows are usually single glazed without draught proofing and by todays standards offer a poor standard of energy efficiency. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Switching to double glazed windows offers many benefits. Double glazed windows consist of two specially made glass panels with a space i n between them a gas such(prenominal) as argon is generally filled in this cavity as a form of insulation. They also often have a UV coating, which can be customised to the British climate. In many instances when frames are worn out and need replacing cost effective energy efficiency improvements can be made.External DoorsDouble glazed doors as well as windows are now a common sighting throughout the UK. They offer a much better standard of thermal insulation in comparison to that of a solid timber door. Glazing units in doors can be made to the same standards as windows. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) And as such should be replaced when frames are worn out.Draught Proofing and VentilationA ventilation and airtightness strategy should be part of any refurbishment works. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) The main objective of draught proofing and ventilating is to provide a balance between energy efficiency and the indoor air quality.Air leakage is the infiltration of air via u nwanted gaps and cracks in the building envelope.Too much air leakage leads to heat loss as well as discomfort from cold draughts. As thermal insulation standards improve the proportion of total heat lost via infiltration increases importantly. Ventilation of the dwelling is desirable and necessary to remove moisture and other pollutants from the air.AirtightnessThe potency to improve airtightness of a dwelling will depend on the nature of the existing building and the type of works being undertaken. It is consequently difficult to set absolute targets but the best practice recommendation is to aim for an air permeability of 5m3/(h.m2) 50Pa. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007)Some simple measures can be taken to improve the airtightness. Draught proofing around windows, door sealing around service pipes which pass thorough floors, walls and roofs block up unused chimneys, but include ventilation to the room by means of a ventilator.VentilationPurpose-provided ventilation (e.g. vent ilators and windows) and extract fans are required to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007)Adequate ventilation is needed for both the comfort and the safety of occupants, as it removes or dilutes pollutants that accumulate in the dwelling. one time the dwelling is sufficiently airtight, controlled ventilation can be installed.One of the to a greater extent beneficial ventilation systems is the single room heat recovery ventilator. This is a increment of the extract fan which incorporates a heat exchanger. It recovers 60 per cent or more of the heat in the outgoing air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) This can then be used to preheat incoming air.Options for Service UpgradeDomestic Heating Hot WaterBy upgrading predated tympanums a significant reduction in energy consumption can be achieved. Furthermore it is very cost effective. If the house has been insulated prior to the replacement or installation of the energy efficient boiler fur ther improvement in the energy efficiency of the house can be felt.The by-lines points need to be considered when choosing an energy efficient domestic heating systemThe system is correctly sized to warm up the dwelling from cold taking account of heat gains from the sun, people, trips and appliancesIt uses fuel as efficiently as possibleProvides heating and hot water only when required and where neededHave controls that are easy to use and understandable.The installation of an energy efficient boiler such as a condense boiler will reduce running and costs and will in most cases add value to a property.The energy performance standard for new and replacement boilers was raised in England and Wales in April 2005, Northern Ireland in November 2006 and Scotland in May 2007. When replacing a boiler, a condensing boiler (with a seasonal efficiency of greater than 86 per cent) must now be installed in the majority of cases. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007)Heating assumptionsBelow, saving s are shown for the upgrade of a condensing boiler from a G rated boiler to an efficient A rated boiler. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust and are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. Savings assume a gas price of 3.80p/kWh.LightingElectricity for lights and appliances (including cooking) can account for a significant proportion of total energy costs and CO2 emission. Energy demand for lighting can be reduced byUsing energy efficient lamps and luminaries (light fittings).Directing light to where it is needed.Controlling lighting use.Making the most of daylight.Immediate results can be made in the first three areas through basic home improvements.75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fitting for best practice. The annual savings shown in the table below are based on a home owner changing 3 light bulbs to energy efficient light bulbs a year.Table one-year Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light BulbsMe asureEnergy-efficient light bulbsAnnual saving (/yr)Up to 30CO2saving a yearAround 136kgSource http//www.reduceyourco2.co.uk/tips.htmlAppliancesAppliances account for a large proportion of total domestic energy use. As energy efficient appliances use less electricity, they are less expensive to run and are responsible for lower CO2 emissions. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007)Appliance assumptionsThe table below shows the energy ratings and savings when upgrading appliances. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust, they also assume replacing an average appliance purchased new in 1998 with an Energy Saving Recommended model of similar size and an electricity cost of 12.96p/kWh.Source http//www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Energy-saving-assumptionsRenewable and low-carbon technologiesSeveral types of renewable technologies can generate electricity for a dwelling, including photovoltaics (PV), wind and micro-CHP.Other renewable or low-carbon technologies can also prov ide heating and hot water, such as heat pumps, bio locoweed and solar hot water.solar Water HeatingBy installing a solar water heater the house can use the suns energy to produce hot water. For a more cost effective approach it is advised to install a solar storeor where other heating improvements are already being undertaken. at that place are two main types of solar water heaters, a flat plate collector or evacuated tube collectors. Both types have liquids in them which collect heat from the sun, this then passes through a coil in a hot water cylinder.These systems are typically only used for water heating, and are rarely used to provide space heating. solar Water Heaters are amongst the most cost-efficient renewable energy systems for existing dwellings. During the summer months, a typical system can supply between 80 and 100 per cent of hot water demand, the percentage being much lower in winter, of course. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007)Even when it is decided not to include solar water heating, it is worth making properties solar ready, to allow systems to be added later with minimal disruption.PhotovoltaicsPV panels allow solar energy to be converted into electricity. The panels can generate power to satisfy some of buildings electrical demand even in the northern latitudes, in some cases all of the buildings electrical demand can be met.The PVs are versatile and can be installed in numerous locations, glass roofs and conservatories being one option, a more common option being to install an array of them on a south facing roof.GrantsMost of the grants and offers you can benefit from are provided by three main groups.The GovernmentEnergy SuppliersLocal AuthoritiesThe GovernmentA number of schemes are funded by the government, in some cases up to 3,500 can be given to help people improve their heating and energy efficiency. In England the scheme is cognise as Warm Front, in Wales it is known as the infrastructure Energy Efficiency Scheme.The eligibil ity criteria for the schemes differ between both countries, some schemes you need to be in receipt of certain benefits, whilst others are acquirable to anyone over a certain age. Guidance as to the availability of these grants can be found on their websites. Examples of Home Energy Efficiency Scheme eligibility criteriaHome Energy Efficiency Scheme (Grant of up to 2,000)Householders who either have a child aged under 16 or are pregnant and have been given maternity certificate MAT B1 and are in receipt of one or more of the following benefitsIncome SupportWorking Tax book of facts (with income less than 16,040)Council Tax BenefitChild Tax Credit (with income less than 16,040)Housing BenefitIncome-based Jobseekers AllowanceIncome-related Employment and Support AllowanceSource http//www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htmThe following websites offer further examples and information regarding eligibility criteria.Warm Front grant (England) http//www.warmfront.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htmHome Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) http//www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htmEnergy SuppliersThe Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) came into effect in April 2008, obliging electricity and gas suppliers in Great Britain to help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from homes. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) This means energy suppliers with a certain number of customers operating in Great Britain are obliged to achieve targets for improving home energy efficiency. The suppliers therefore provide a range of offers which significantly reduce the cost of installing energy efficiency measures.Local authoritiesMost Local authorities provide grants and offers for local residents to install certain energy efficiency measures in their home. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d))Case Studythither are a number of case studies which show the benefits and tribulations of eco-refurbishment, one of particular interest is describe below.Nottingham Eco-home intriguer Gil Shalom and his wife Penney Poyzer set out the task of refurbishing their Victorian home whilst reducing emissions by 85%. As well as reducing emissions by 85% they hoped to use only low impact materials. In the process they hoped to demonstrate how green design can appeal to a wider audience and be an determination lifestyle choice. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D))OverviewA typical 5-bedroom semi detached Victorian house that was refurbished over a six year period in a low energy and ecological way.Dating from around 1898, it was in a very run-down state and has been thoroughly upgraded by the owners, to provide a good example of eco retrofit. It is a demonstration of a variety of eco-friendly features including super-insulation, solar hot water and wood burning boiler, rainwater harvesting and waste composting systems. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D))The project set out specific priorities to aim for during the refurbishment, they were toUpgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat re covery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvementBe as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and foodExperiment with different low-impact materialsIt was estimated that an overall energy saving of 85% in terms of Co2 and 75% in terns if costs was made. This was a direct result of the refurbishment work which took place.Image 1 shows the areas of the house the refurbishment took place. The list below corresponds to Image1. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D))Flat-Plate solar collectors for heating waterRoof insulation 300/400mm thick (shredded newspapers)Roof lights with insulating low-emissivity glassNatural plasters- clay and lime basedSuper insulated hot water tank100mm ozone friendly drylining to front face to maintain brick appearance150mm external wall insulation with rendered finishSpace saving bath and thermostatic shower controlsHeat recovering fansEnvironmental-friendly paintsDraught lobbytriple- and double-glazed timber windows t reated with natural fungicides and stainsEnergy efficient appliances jiffy hand reclaimed furnituretripped floorboardsCopper rainwater goods with filters for rainwater harvesting160mm natural floor insulationRainwater storage for use in WCs and washout machineLow-flush toiletsNon-PVC waste pipesComposting chamber for solid waste from WCsSeparator lets liquids drain off and solids into composting chamberDeckingOrganic garden utilizing the principles of permacultureTable Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-homeResearch findings and discussionFabric and Service upgradesIn cases considered cavity wall insulation is shown to be highly cost-effective, however the current savings latent from the installation is beginning to tail off. The resultant reduction in Co2 emissions following the installation is a clear indication that the measures taken are cost effective in terms of both monetary cost and Co2 emission reduction. From the outset this was a main priority. Table Co sts and Paybacks for Cavity Wall Insulation issued by the Energy savings trust illustrates these potential savings.Although cavity wall insulation is reaching saturation point in terms of potential savings and cost-effectiveness, its counterpart solid wall insulation is not likely to reach this point for the next few years, this is a result of slower uptake. There are still significant potential savings to be had. Currently solid wall insulation is barely a cost-effective upgrade unless other work is being carried out. This may be the cause of a slower uptake. Advances in the technology behind solid wall insulation are likely to improve over coming years and the potential savings could be realised quicker as a result. The annual CO2 saving shown in Table Annual Savings and Paybacks for Internal Wall Insulation shows significant savings could be made despite not being the most cost effective in terms of monetary costTable Annual Savings and Paybacks for Roof Insulation illustrates that loft insulation is a cost effective way to however energy and reduce domestic carbon emissions. The greatest saving is made when the loft previously had less than 150mm of insulation. If the loft previously had 150mm of insulation or more, the table shows that it is not cost effective to add more.Floor insulation can offer some potential Co2 savings, but is only truly cost effective if the floor is undergoing repair anyway. Table Annual Savings and Paybacks for Floor Insulation gives us a figure of two years for the payback time which isnt the most cost effective.Older, less eco-friendly windows are slowly being replaced by low-emissivity double glazing, the potential savings will be realised gradually over the coming years. Currently replacing windows unnecessarily is highly inefficient in terms of cost-effectiveness, this is mainly because of high capital costs. Table Annual Savings and Paybacks of Installing Double Glazing illustrates the potential reductions in Co2 emis sions is significant, despite not being very cost-effective.Draught proofing is one of the more cost-effective fabric upgrades, though the potential Co2 emission savings are fairly low. To gain the most beneficial results from draught proofing, central heating upgrade, as well as glazing upgrade is advised. The full potential of draught proofing is realised when combined with these upgrades.Table Annual Savings and Paybacks for Condensing boiler upgrade suggests that the installation of a class A condensing boiler and heating system offers potentially large Co2 emission savings, whilst also being one of the more cost-effective service upgrades a dwelling can undergo. Again the true potential of the installation is only realised when the dwelling receives draught proofing and glazing upgrades.Replacing at least 3 light bulbs with energy efficient bulbs is proven by Table Annual Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light Bulbs to be both cost-effective and offer small savings o f Co2 Emissions. It is one of the easier service upgrades to achieve.Table Appliance Energy Ratings and Savings shows upgrading to energy efficient appliances of class A or more is a cost-effective energy measure, significantly cutting down on Co2 emissions, especially if all appliances are replaced.There is potential to save a considerable amount of carbon emissions with the use of solar water heating as illustrated in Table Annual Savings for installation of Solar Water Heater. The cost-effectiveness is currently very inefficient though with advancements in technology this may become more cost-effective within a few years.PV offer similar results to solar water heaters, despite offering significant savings in Co2 emissions they are still not a cost-effective service upgrade. The cost far outweighs the reduction in Co2 emissions.Analysts predict that the cost of PV will fall dramatically over the coming decades, slowly becoming more cost-effective over time.Case StudyThe case stu dy looked at was the Nottingham Eco-home, an enterprising refurbishment of a Victorian house. The owners set out specific priorities at the start of the project which they were aiming to achieveUpgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat recovery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvementBe as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and foodExperiment with different low-impact materialsThe case study shows that as ambitious as it was initially, with the correct information and guidance, as well as clear aims objectives, eco-refurbishment offers attainable goals.Table Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-home clearly indicates that significant reductions in the energy costs led to savings per year for both money and Co2 emissions. With additional upgrades the table shows that even more improvements are to be had. Although some of the fabric upgrades and service upgrades are slightly out dated by todays standards, the case st udy shows that cutting Co2 emissions is very achievable, and the benefits of eco-refurbishment should not be overlookedThe owners clearly achieved the specific goals they set out initially an eco-refurbishment was carried out with beneficial results in regards to the cost-effectiveness and savings in Co2 reductions.Summary and Conclusion87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) There is evidence that the eco-refurbishment of these homes is definitely a viable option, though whether or not they will achieve the proposal for a 80% reduction in Co2 Emissions by 2050 (Summers, 2008) is still unclear.The cost-effectiveness and carbon savings of the fabric and service upgrades looked at varies tremendously. umteen Assumptions have to be made when calculating the cost-effectiveness and annual Co2 saving of an upgrade, be it fabric or service. This is partially due to there being so many varieties and options for the upgrades. Technological advancements take place daily, and will have a dramatic impact on many of the upgrades looked at, the cost-effectiveness as well as the potential for carbon savings will rise slowly year by year.There are almost 25 million dwellings throughout the UK, if only half of these were to adopt energy efficient measures, the savings would be highly significant in driving the UKs housing stock emissions down towards the target 80% r

Sin In The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Everyone has violated either moral or religious law at least once in his or her entire lifetime. On the outside, they might be "looking pure as new-fallen snow while their hearts atomic number 18 all speckled and spotted with iniquity of which they cannot rid themselves."(p.116) Some walk secretly with this heavy sin in their heart, while others get shamed in public because their sin is displayed openly. Since these sins are all different, the consequences and the significance may excessively interchange in importance. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth sins and all of the wrongdoings vary in significance.      The story develops when Hester Prynne commits the sin of adultery. Even though Hesters mistake was driven by innocent passion for Dimmesdale, the puritans took this seriously. By wearing the scarlet letter A on her chest, the village people look at her as an outcast. The puritan s dont look at the sin as an act of love but instead as the work of the devil. However, Hawthorne makes it so that Hesters sin seems less serious than that of Chillingworth. Hesters sin seems more innocent because it was driven by her affection for Dimmesdale rather than of the intelligence. Her sin can also be considered less serious because Hester is willing to accept her sin and deal with the consequences publicly.      As for Chillingworth, his sin is the manipulation of a human being. His deathly sin is not committed because he needs to, but Chillingworth commits this sin because he wants to. " Never did mortal suffer what Dimmesdale has suffered"(p.150) and its all because of Chillingworth. His only reason for why he is sin is because Chillingworth wants revenge on Dimmesdale, which is more serious than Hesters sin. Chillingworth actually knows that his actions are hurting a human being and thats where the seriousness of his sin comes in. Unlike He ster Prynne, "He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Dimmesdale and Hester, never did so"(p.105) Meaning that Chillingworth dark sin is actually killing a human being. Even though Chillingworths only intention is to get revenge on Dimmesdale, he is hurting the towns people as well as Hester and Pearl. By making Dimmesdale weaker and weaker, the puritans are loosing a minister that has always been there for them. Chillingworth is also hurting Hester and Pearl because he is preventing Dimmesdale from being with them.

Susan Hills Women in Black and Mary Shellys Frankenstein :: English Literature

Susan Hills Women in Black and Mary Shellys FrankensteinThe word gothic means 18th Century literature referring to afrightening manner of content macrocosm used.I have chosen two gothic novels to indicate the typical features of agothic novel. One is Susan Hills Women in Black and Mary ShellysFrankenstein.These two gothic novels concentrate on the two major worries within fraternity when these books were published.Frankenstein concentrates on the pre-curser on science fiction. Thispre-curser in Frankenstein is mans objective to play god.Frankenstein was written in a period of term when science waselevating but society in general was afraid to accept a progress beingnessmade by man they preferred progresses warrant by God. Mary Shellycould have-to doe with to her novel of Frankenstein to the period of time whenit was written because the many people living in the 18th century whenshe was alive, were driven by religion not by science and newrevelations being made by man were consid ered to be playing god. InMary Shellys Frankenstein she states in the origination of the bookthat, during the time period when Frankenstein was written themajority of published novels were not gripping or new and her novelwould make an unusual change to which society fag end relate to.The Women in black concentrates on the grief when losing a youngchild. This was published in 2000 and it is relatable towards todayssociety because a lot parents today can relate to having children andknow how protective they are towards their own children.Personally since I do not have children of my own I found it difficultto relate with the grief the characters posses and from that mygeneral interest in the story began to sway.The typical feature a gothic novel possesses is setting the scene. Thesecond chapter of The Women in Black concentrates on the surroundings,the author portrays the endure on a Monday afternoon in November as alightning heart of change, never seeming to come fully light and similarlyraw to and a yellow fog, a filthy fog, evil smelling fog, a fog thatchoked and blinded, smeared and stained. Susan Hill instantaneouslycreates a felling of ill being and fear. The novel begins in Novemberwhich is a symbolism of death, creating negative atmosphere to beginthe novel with. In comparison with Mary Shellys Frankenstein this isvery similar. When the creature Frankenstein is created, the Authorportrays the weather and time of day as a, dreary night of November.Also instantaneously Mary shelly has created a felling of feardescribing the event to occur again in the calendar month of November and also

Patents are Essential to the Modern World Essays -- Intellectual Prope

Patents atomic number 18 Essential to the Modern WorldA patent is the public disclosure of the construct and the best way of practicing the art, in supercede for the rights to that nurture for a set period of time - twenty years. A patent permits its owner to exclude members of the public from making, using, or selling the claimed invention. This type of constitution is a necessity for any type of scientific work. It allows other people to share in the ideas that have been thought and utilized by a union and/or individuals so that research is not unnecessarily performed twice. This is beneficial to the owner of the intellectual property (IP) so that financial reward can be obtained, and companionship can be freely publicized for others thereby not inhibiting the progression of technology and science. This is a necessary step in the flow of scientific information so that the entire system remains efficient. The patent is a great way for protecting an inventors idea howe ver there are some conditions attached to the granting of a patent. These are in relation to the use and history of the invention. The criteria that need to be met are that the invention is Novel, non-obvious and commercial utility. The invention also has to work (be reproducible) and can not have been published publicly at any event prior to the filing of a patent. These factors need to be assessed before an application for a patent is filed. The patent is the roughly powerful method available to the owner of IP because it offers the most comprehensive cover, along with the most options in the ways that the idea can make money for the persons involved. Other means of protection are quite feeble in comparison to the patent, for poser ... ... company. Or they are supplied with an annual crop which can only be used once, as it produces sterile seeds, and therefore they would have to purchase the same invention many times over simply due to a lack of money. This ensures rew ards are passed on to the inventors of the invention. This is good in a commercial sense and enables straightaway progression of commercial products. It is also good in a way of freedom of research information. However the end user might not constantly be as well off as they could be. Overall the use of patents is an essential step in the commercialization of any product in the unexampled scientific environment. It is a method of trying to reduce the doubling up of research and ensuring the correct people are paid for the inventions. It is essential that some canonical rules are followed and every idea is scrutinized by an application process.