Renewable Energy

Fung Chi Hong (10549602) Summary Nowadays, some people who supported renewable energy have many questions for fully relying on renewable energy in the future. A factor why people do not consider renewable energy is economics. However, the fact is that renewable energy can solve many economic problems. Anna Leidreiter expresses that the benefits of traditional energy are shared in only a few stakeholders; renewable energy is owned by popular, so the big business do not agree renewable energy.If the benefits from the large enterprise can be shared to popular, a correct energy can transform, it was shown in the history. Also, Anna Leidreiter gives Denmark and Germany as the examples to show fully renewable energy. Finally, she suggests some policies are necessary to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy and countries should exchange the opinion with other countries. Comment: After reading this article about economics and renewable energy, I have follow comment. First, using renewabl e energy is an irresistible general trend.According to the Anna Leidreiter, we can see that using renewable energy can substitute for fossil fuel in the Denmark and Germany. Using renewable energy not only can increase the opportunity of jobs, but also can help the economics stable. However, I think we should not just look to the money. In order to maintain a clean environment to our offspring, we should lay stress on environment protection; one of the things we can do is using renewable energy. Referencing Leidreiter, Anna. â€Å"Local Development through Community-Led Renewable Energy† Renewable Energy World Magazine. 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013 Renewable Energy Fung Chi Hong (10549602) Summary Nowadays, some people who supported renewable energy have many questions for fully relying on renewable energy in the future. A factor why people do not consider renewable energy is economics. However, the fact is that renewable energy can solve many economic problems. Anna Leidreiter expresses that the benefits of traditional energy are shared in only a few stakeholders; renewable energy is owned by popular, so the big business do not agree renewable energy.If the benefits from the large enterprise can be shared to popular, a correct energy can transform, it was shown in the history. Also, Anna Leidreiter gives Denmark and Germany as the examples to show fully renewable energy. Finally, she suggests some policies are necessary to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy and countries should exchange the opinion with other countries. Comment: After reading this article about economics and renewable energy, I have follow comment. First, using renewabl e energy is an irresistible general trend.According to the Anna Leidreiter, we can see that using renewable energy can substitute for fossil fuel in the Denmark and Germany. Using renewable energy not only can increase the opportunity of jobs, but also can help the economics stable. However, I think we should not just look to the money. In order to maintain a clean environment to our offspring, we should lay stress on environment protection; one of the things we can do is using renewable energy. Referencing Leidreiter, Anna. â€Å"Local Development through Community-Led Renewable Energy† Renewable Energy World Magazine. 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013

Oscar Wilde

In a town where a lot of poor people suffer, a swallow who was left behind after his flock flew off to Egypt for the winter meets the statue of the late â€Å"Happy Prince†, who in reality has never experienced true happiness. Viewing various scenes of people suffering in poverty from his tall monument, the Happy Prince asks the swallow to take the ruby from his hilt, the sapphires from his eyes, and the golden leaf covering his body to give to the poor.As the winter comes and the Happy Prince is stripped of all of his beauty, his lead heart breaks when the swallow dies as a result of his selfless deeds. The statue is then torn down and melted leaving behind the broken heart and the dead swallow which are taken up to heaven by an angel that has deemed them the two most precious things in the city by God, so they may live forever in his city of gold and garden of paradise. Adaptations[edit] †¢A radio drama adaption by Columbia Workshop was broadcast on 26 December 1936.A r ecord album was produced in the 1940s by American Decca Records, with Orson Welles narrating and Bing Crosby as the Prince. [1] †¢In 1969 New Zealand group the La De Das recorded and performed a rock opera based on the story. Band members Bruce Howard and Trevor Wilson conceived the idea in 1967, composing the music with Australian poet Adrian Rawlins narrating the story. †¢An animated version of the story was produced in 1974, starring Glynis Johns as the swallow and Christopher Plummer as the Prince. See The Happy Prince (film).Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child presented a version of the title story set in New York City featuring Ed Koch as the Happy Prince (who was the statue of the city's previous mayor) and Cyndi Lauper as a streetwise pigeon named â€Å"Pidge† (in place of the Swallow). †¢Leo the Lion Records released a reading of the story performed by Richard Kiley on a recording (#GD01603) including a dramatization of â€Å"The Magic Fis hbone† by Charles Dickens featuring Julie Harris and Ian Martin and a reading of Rudyard Kipling's story â€Å"The Potted Princess† performed by Ms.  Harris.McDull, Prince de la Bun was partially based on this story. †¢In 2012 the Irish composer Vincent Kennedy and playwright John Nee adapted the story for narrator, chorus and orchestra. The Happy Prince was premiered in County Donegal, Ireland in April 2012 with John Nee narrating and acting and Vincent Kennedy conducting and performing. It was broadcast on RTE Junior. [3] †¢A 1992 musical written by Sue Casson based on the story. [4] †¢In 2014, composer Stephen DeCesare released and published his adaption of the â€Å"Happy Prince† as a children's musical.â€Å"The Nightingale and the Rose†[edit] A nightingale overhears a student complaining that his professor's daughter will not dance with him, as he is unable to give her a red rose. The nightingale visits all the rose-trees in the gard en, and one of the roses tells her there is a way to produce a red rose, but only if the nightingale is prepared to sing the sweetest song for the rose all night with her heart pressing into a thorn, sacrificing her life. Seeing the student in tears, and valuing his human life above her bird life, the nightingale carries out the ritual.She impales herself on the rose-tree's thorn so that her heart's blood can stain the rose. The student takes the rose to the professor's daughter, but she again rejects him because another man has sent her some real jewels and â€Å"everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers. † The student angrily throws the rose into the gutter, returns to his study of metaphysics, and decides not to believe in true love anymore. Adaptations[edit] Main article: Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde There are many adaptations of this story in the form of operas and ballets.These include: †¢One act opera by Renzo Bossi, an Italian composer, (C omo 1883 – Milan 1965) in one act, op. 18, 1910 (libretto by Bossi, after Wilde,: The Nightingale and the Rose), Italian Radio Turin, 9 August 1938; staged Parma, Teatro Regio, 9 January 1940); see the link. †¢A cantata by Henry Hadley, an American composer and conductor, (Somerville, Massachusetts, 1871 – New York, 1937) The Nightingale and the Rose, (libretto E. W. Grant), op. 54, S, SSAA, orchestra (New York, 1911); see the link. †¢An opera by Hooper Brewster-Jones, an Australian composer (Orroroo, S.Australia, 1887 – Adelaide, 1949) The Nightingale and the Rose, 1927 (after Wilde of which only an orchestral suite survives. †¢A ballet by Harold Fraser-Simson, an English composer, (London, 1872 – Inverness, 1944) The Nightingale and the Rose, (based on Wilde) (1927); [www. fullerswood. fsnet. co. uk/fraser-simson. htm see the link]. †¢A ballet by Janis Kalnins, a Canadian composer and conductor of Latvian parentage. (Parnu, Estonia, 3 November 1904 – Fredericton 30 November 2000) Lakstigala un roze [The Nightingale and the Rose], (after Oscar Wilde), Riga, 1938.†¢A ballet by Friedrich Voss, a German composer and pianist (b. Halberstadt, 1930) Die Nachtigall und die Rose (G. Furtwangler, after Oscar Wilde), 1961; Oberhausen, 5 January 1962; see the Breitkopf’s page †¢An opera by Jonathan Rutherford, a British composer (b 1953) – The Nightingale and the Rose, (after Wilde, 1966; link. †¢One act opera by Margaret Garwood, an American composer (born Haddonfield, NJ, 1927) The Nightingale and the Rose, (libretto by Garwood, after Oscar Wilde, Chester, Widener College Alumni Auditorium, 21 Oct 1973 †¢One act chamber opera by Elena Firsova, a Russian composer, op.  46 (1991)The Nightingale and the Rose, (libretto by Firsova, after Oscar Wilde, premiered on 8 July 1994 at Almeida Theatre, Almeida Opera;at the Boosey & Hawkes page. †¢One act ballet by David Earl, a South A frican composer (b 1951) – The Nightingale and the Rose, 1983 Literary Adaptations[edit] †¢A Sufi poem called al-Zib wa al-Kis reworks Oscar Wilde's plot around a mystical theme â€Å"The Selfish Giant†[edit] The Selfish Giant owns a beautiful garden which has 12 peach trees and lovely fragrant flowers, in which children love to play after returning from the school.On the giant's return from seven years visiting his friend the Cornish Ogre, he takes offense at the children and builds a wall to keep them out. He put a notice board â€Å"TRESSPASSERS WILL BE PROSECUTED†. The garden falls into perpetual winter. One day, the giant is awakened by a linnet, and discovers that spring has returned to the garden, as the children have found a way in through a gap in the wall. He sees the error of his ways, and resolves to destroy the wall. However, when he emerges from his castle, all the children run away except for one boy who was trying to climb a tree.The giant h elps this boy into the tree and announces: â€Å"It is your garden now, little children,† and knocks down the wall. The children once more play in the garden, and spring returns. But the boy that the Giant helped does not return and the Giant is heartbroken. Many years later after happily playing with the children all the time, the Giant is old and feeble. One winter morning, he awakes to see the trees in one part of his garden in full blossom. He descends from the castle to discover the boy that he once helped lying beneath a beautiful white tree that the Giant has never seen before.The Giant sees that the boy bears the stigmata. He does not realize that the boy is actually the Christ Child and is furious that somebody has wounded him. â€Å"†Who hath dared to wound thee? † cried the Giant; â€Å"tell me, that I may take my big sword and slay him. † â€Å"Nay! † answered the child; â€Å"but these are the wounds of Love. † â€Å"Who art tho u? † said the Giant, and a strange awe fell on him, and he knelt before the little child. And the child smiled on the Giant, and said to him, â€Å"You let Me play once in your garden, to-day you shall come with Me to My garden, which is Paradise.† †Shortly afterwards. the happy giant dies. That same afternoon, his body is found lying under the tree, covered in blossoms. Adaptations[edit] English light music composer Eric Coates wrote the orchestral Phantasy The Selfish Giant in 1925. [5] In 1933–1934, violinist-composer Jeno Hubay adapted the story into a Hungarian languageopera, Az onzo orias (Der selbstsuchtige Riese), Op. 124. The libretto was written by Laszlo Markus and Jeno Mohacsi. A record album was produced in the 1940s by American Decca, narrated by Fredric March, with a full unnamed supporting cast.In 1971, Peter Sander wrote and produced an animated version of The Selfish Giant for CTV in Canada. The music was by Ron Goodwin. It was nominated a t the 44th Academy Awards (1972) in the Animated Short Subject category, one of only three films to receive a nomination. It was first broadcast in November that year. [6] In the 1990s, the Australian team of composer Graeme Koehne and choreographer Graeme Murphy created a children's ballet based on The Selfish Giant.In the 1997 film Wilde, based on the life of the author, portions of the The Selfish Giant are woven in, with Wilde and his wife telling the story to their children, the portions reflecting on his relationship with them and others: the sadness of the children who can no longer play in the giant's garden is reflected in that of Wilde's sons as their beloved father spends more time with his lovers than with them. In 2009, composer Stephen DeCesare adapted the â€Å"Selfish Giant† as a musical. In 2010, composer Dan Goeller wrote an orchestral interpretation of the story.That same year Chris Beatrice created new illustrations for the story. In 2011 they released a c ombination of a CD containing the orchestration and new narration by Martin Jarvis, plus the newly illustrated book. An illustrated and abridged version was published in 2013 by Alexis Deacon. A British feature film called The Selfish Giant was released in 2013, said to be ‘inspired by' Wilde's story, though the connection between them is oblique as the film concerns two unruly boys and an unscrupulous scrap metal dealer.â€Å"The Devoted Friend†[edit] See also The Devoted Friend Hans is a gardener, the devoted friend of a rich miller. On the basis of this friendship, the miller helps himself to flowers from Hans' garden, and promises to give Hans an old, broken wheelbarrow, to replace one that Hans was forced to sell so that he could buy food. Against this promise, the miller compels Hans to run a series of arduous errands for him. One stormy night, the miller asks Hans to fetch a doctor for his sick son.Returning from the doctor, Hans is lost on the moors in the storm and drowns in a pool of water. After Hans' funeral, the miller's only emotion is regret as he has been unable to dispose of the wheelbarrow. The story is told by a linnet to an intellectual water-rat, who fancies himself a literary critic; the water-rat is sympathetic to the miller rather than Hans, and storms off on being informed that the story has a moral. â€Å"The Remarkable Rocket†[edit] This story concerns a firework, who is one of many to be let off at the wedding of a prince and princess.The rocket is extremely pompous and self-important, and denigrates all the other fireworks, eventually bursting into tears to demonstrate his â€Å"sensitivity†. As this makes him wet, he fails to ignite, and, the next day, is thrown away into a ditch. He still believes that he is destined for great public importance, and treats a frog, dragonfly, and duck that meet him with appropriate disdain. Two boys find him, and use him for fuel on their camp-fire. The rocket is finally lit and explodes, but nobody observes him – the only effect he has is to frighten a goose with his falling stick.The Remarkable Rocket, unlike the other stories in the collection, contains a large number of Wildean epigrams: â€Å"Conversation, indeed! † said the Rocket. â€Å"You have talked the whole time yourself. That is not conversation. † â€Å"Somebody must listen,† answered the Frog, â€Å"and I like to do all the talking myself. It saves time, and prevents arguments. † â€Å"But I like arguments,† said the Rocket. â€Å"I hope not,† said the Frog complacently. â€Å"Arguments are extremely vulgar, for everybody in good society holds exactly the same opinions. â€Å"

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains Executive Summary Big-Bazaar is one the leading retail chain in India. This retail chain is exemplary in terms of performance. Many other business leaders have entered in this retail business seeing the success of Big-Bazaar in India. It is considered epitome of operational and efficiency excellence in India. IT is one of the most successful ventures initiated by Kishore Biyani of Future Group. With the success of this retail chain, it has expanded its branches all over the India and now they are planning to venture into a foreign land. This is the study of Big-Bazaar’s marketing plan if it will plan to enter in United Arab Emirates. Through this study we are planning to have detailed study of Big-Bazaar future plan of entry in United Arab Emirates. This Study will check the Marketing Objective, Marketing plan, Financial Plan and resource acquisition plan of Big-Bazaar with its retail chain launch in United Arab Emirates. This study will study in detail about the profit gener ation, Retail chain operational planning and its profit generation analysis. Here, we will start from where we have left last time. We did cultural analysis and enabling factors for Big-Bazaar in last Phase I project. Now in phase II project we are going in detail about the study of marketing plan and promotion mix to attract customer and to establish its trademark operational efficiency in providing superior service at rock Bottom price. Here, in this study we will take the traditional approach of making the marketing plan of Big-Bazaar. We will proceed in the following manner. First we are going to study about the marketing objective, and then we will start with the Marketing plan. This will be followed by financial plan which will detail about the financial items like product costing and financial statements including income statements. We will discuss about the promotion mix and resource requirement for the retail chain operation. Marketing Plan Introduction Marketing Plan will check how to strategize the opening of Big-Bazaar retail chain in UAE. It will also check out the advertisement, Packaging and promotion plans for this new retail chain. The detailed study will work as the starting plan for the launch of product in UAE and it will then be made to change gradually with sale increase from the expectation to the aspired. It will change with course of time depending on the success and failure of the program. We are going to study about the marketing tactics in this section. Marketing Objective Target Market Citizens of United Arab Emirates will be the target market for Big-Bazaar. Presence of lot of expatriates will be boon for the company as they have the ready visibility for this brand. For Company the basic target group will be the shoppers who are willing to spend their money economically and those who the value of their money. Therefore our target customer will be the people who are married and who belong to the middle class family. Company will al so be cashing on the presence of Indians there. (Retail Market in Middle East)

Aaa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aaa - Essay Example now evident in our planet with the fiercer storm, frequent floods, warmer weather and other weather related calamities, that cost us lives and properties destroyed, his argument that global warming is already upon us is now accepted as a given fact. Krislov just reiterated the fact that â€Å"decades of climate research show that global warming is happening and human activity is a driving cause†. Gore’s arguments are already common to the modern audience because his arguments are also used by other environmentalist groups and advocates to increase the awareness of the public about climate change. In fact, many academe today include Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth as part of their curriculum to educate students about climate change. So it is no longer an argument for me. Gore’s discussion about the possibility of melting glaciers in Antarctica has already been documented in camera by National Geographic that would cause the atmosphere to warm and thus, presented compelling evidence that it happened and is still happening right before our very eyes. This similar demonstration of melting glacial sheets was also shown in the documentary An Inconvenient Truth except that we thought about it as an exaggeration. The carbon emission that started it all is also given and everybody knows about that already. In fact right now, governments are already conte mplating to make it an official policy with many people thinking that it is already long

Utilitarian Objects as Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Utilitarian Objects as Art - Essay Example As such, it was used not only on a daily basis, but also many times throughout the day. The Clock has a minimal color base combining a muted grey exterior, with a white and black interior. To a great degree it is recognized that this minimal color base functions as a means of functionality. In these regards, the white and black functions as a means of creating a visual juxtaposition that allows the user to view the clock clearly and from a distance. As a readymade the Clock has a complex artistic meaning. One recognizes the centrality of this device to the daily lives of 20th century citizens. In these regards, the object is an articulation and manifestation of the very engine of social existence. The Clock contains the traditional hands pointing to numbers, as well as a digital interface for the date. This hybridity of design is a testament to the shifting sociocultural landscape that the emerging world found themselves in at the concluding period of the 20th century, as traditional modes of living clashed with an infusion of digital culture. This post-modern combinatory aesthetic opens the art object to meditative contemplation. The viewer is led to consider Marshall Mcluhan who famously noted that the medium is the message. While Mcluhan was referring to the televisual apparatus and its media dissemination message, the Clock opens this dialectic to demonstrate that time is the very medium that governs our daily existence. In this context of understanding the hybrid traditional and digital presentation is a clear indication of the shifting medium and fabric of our daily existence. In the 21st century the days of our lives are increasingly measured and mediated through a digital medium. When considered in the context of Einstein’s theory of relativity one recognizes that the very nature of time is mutable and transformative. The impact of such a shift is both demonstrative of the

Argumentative research paper arguing how negativly the meadia

Argumentative arguing how negativly the meadia influences the masses during times of war - Research Paper Example Yet, both politics and journalism make claims to a standard of objectivity that often hides the political bias in the construction of â€Å"social fact†. It is through shared communication methods such as literature, newspapers, the internet, tv news, etc. that people in modern societies form their views on complex political issues that may affect the lives of millions. Nowhere is this more exemplified than in issues of international relations or foreign policies, and the conduct of war – which has led nations across the world into millions of deaths and untold destruction primarily through the dissemination of political views and ideologies throughout large populations that permitted organized military violence by the State. In general, the television news and newspapers frame the discourse by publishing a type of collective debate between opposing viewpoints as they relate to current events and pertinent issues of social governance in a democracy. As Noam Chomsky writ es in â€Å"The Culture of Terrorism,† "The leveling of discourse within the ideological system is an extremely important matter. Part of the genius of American democracy has been to ensure that isolated individuals face concentrated state and private power alone, without the support of an organizational structure that can assist them in thinking for themselves or entering into meaningful political action, and with few avenues for public expression of fact or analysis that might challenge approved doctrine...adherence to doctrinal truth confers substantial reward: not only acceptance within the system of power and a ready path to privilege, but also the inestimable advantage of freedom from the onerous demands of thought, inquiry and argument. Conformity frees one from the burden of evidence, and rational argument is superfluous while one is marching in an approved parade.† (Chomsky, 1988) The media act as a â€Å"fourth branch† of government, essential to the he althy functioning of a democracy systematically. Minority political groups may be forced to resort to other means to organize their viewpoints and distribute them popularly if they cannot gain mass-media access, but there is little practical guarantee that minority communication channels can compete with mass-media communication networks that dominate the public construction of issues debated in modern societies politically. This is one way that political hegemony may operate in repressing views unfavorable to the status quo of hierarchical power distributions. The media never covers a war neutrally with just the facts. They report stories or fabricate ones that they believe will gain ratings or sell papers. This is the definition of â€Å"Yellow Journalism,† and it can be seen historically as the way that the public was rallied to war, from the early days of Theodore Roosevelt’s â€Å"Rough Rider† raids on Cuba to the modern conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. F rom the establishment of the news empire by William Randolph Hearst, mass-media news sources increasingly pursued a centralized, corporate model of operations that mirror in many ways the development of the superpowers themselves. The Hearst papers had the budget required to â€Å"

Friedrich List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Friedrich List - Essay Example 6). List claims that his theory of â€Å"National System† is based on historical empiricism. Therefore, though he agrees with the Classical School of Economy on the point that global free marketplaces are desirable, he seems to be concerned about the monopolist influence of the strongest economy on the countries of weaker economy. Merely one century after the industrial revolution had began to force the European nations to seek for newer and cheaper sources of raw materials in order to feed their ever booming mills and factories, List foretold the economic imperialism of the technological industry-based economies of the world. Therefore, the prerequisite for a country’s participation in the global free marketplace, as List suggests, is to reach the level of the leading nation. It may seem that List is advocating for such criteria of participation in the global free marketplace, which will mostly impossible for the countries of weaker economies to fulfill. On the surface level, it seems that there must be some nations who will never be able to attain the level of the leading nations. ... Throughout his whole life, List had sought for individuality. This tendency provoked him to adopt his father’s business of tannery. Instead, he joined the post of a clerk in the public service and later he became the under-secretary in a ministerial department in 1816. Subsequently he became a professor of political administration at the University of Tubigen and a deputy to the Wurttemberg Chamber where he strongly raised his voice for administrative reforms (Henderson, 1983, pp. 4-5). His rebellion against the administrative conventions at the Wurttemberg Chamber earned him ten months’ imprisonment in the Jail of Asperg. In 1824, h escaped from the imprisonment and immigrates to America where he gathered experiences as a landholder from farming which inspired him to look deep into the economic infrastructure of a country. Furthermore, he claimed that Alexander Hamilton’s works inspired him a lot to view the economy of a country as a ‘National Systemâ€⠄¢. Indeed, during his stay in Germany, his experience with the arbitrary bureaucratic political system assisted him to perceive the political dimension of economy and the importance of the political system’s role in people economic welfare of the common people who are not directly attached to politics (Henderson, 1983, pp. 13-15). For List, â€Å"the nation is the most important link between the individual and mankind† (â€Å"Frederick List†, 1968, pars. 6). This of concept of List about the indispensability of politics from economy later became realized more by Henry Clay’s â€Å"American System†. During his stay in Pennsylvania in America, he wrote â€Å"Outlines of a New System of Political Economy† and published it 1827. In this pamphlet, he

Acne and Its Phychosocial Impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acne and Its Phychosocial Impacts - Essay Example 438). In a society which places high regard for appearance, and a healthy, glowing skin, skin disorders are often associated with uncleanliness, In many cases, people with skin conditions are avoided, because of the perception that all skin problems are contagious. Minor skin conditions can have major psychosocial effects to individuals experiencing it. Such condition affects a person’s self image, as well as how an individual interacts with others. Interpersonal relationships often suffer and affected individuals are traumatized with stares and expression of revulsion that they receive from society. In cases when skin conditions are chronic, affected persons may be branded as social outcasts, hence leading to other psychological issues such as depression or social anxiety. For the purpose of this paper, the author will explore the effects of acne on an individual’s social experience. Acne vulgaris (common name, acne) is a â€Å"disease of the hair follicles of the fac e, chest, and back† (Rockoff & Cole, 2011). It is considered as the most common disease and almost all males and females have experienced it. It usually appears during puberty, peaks at around 14 to 19 and resolves by mid-twenties (Adityan & Thappa, 2009, p. 272). The disease tend to be more persistent in females but the more severe form is more commonly experienced by males. To gauge its severity, lesion counting is often used. Acne typically appears as blackheads or whiteheads (congested pores called comedones) or tender red bumps more commonly known as pimples. In more severe cases, acne takes the form of pustules and cysts. Acne happens when an hair follicles attached to oil glands enlarges. This causes the bump visible on the skin. Sometimes the walls holding the follicle may rupture which then allows skin bacteria to enter the deeper levels. When this happens, inflammation can happen. Pimples are inflammation in the deep levels, but deeper levels produce cysts. Whitehead s are oil which breaks out of the surface of the skin while blackheads are â€Å"black oil†, they are either oxidized oil or they may have accumulated melanin. In a study conducted by F. Ballanger, P.Baudry, J.M. N’guyen, A. Kammari, & B. Dreno (2006) shows that heredity is a prognostic factor for severe acne but in the case of minor to mild conditions, heredity does not matter. Moreover, there is indication that the parents experience is not always the same as that of their children. Choice of food can aggravate acne but there is no real evidence showing that it has a direct impact on the occurrence of the skin disease. Stress is also often cited as a cause of acne, but researches show that its effects are not direct (Rockoff & Cole, 2011). Some factors which may contribute to acne includes increased pressure from helmets, suspenders, etc., use of drugs containing steroids and prednisone, and use of comedogenic (skin clogging) products. While acne is a normal conditio n among adolescents, and will typically resolve on its own, there are instances when it will require treatment. Harald Gollnick, Andrew Finlay, & Neil Shear (2008) presents several indicators when acne should be considered a chronic disease: when its distribution and severity is constantly increasing, when acne treatment becomes necessary for months at a time, and if it affects the individual’s quality of life. The authors believe that acne should be treated as a chronic disease and that effective treatment must be made available through research. Several studies show that people suffering from acne are more â€Å"prone to depression, social withdrawal, anxiety, and anger and are more likely to be

Nursing paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing paper - Assignment Example Based on a SWOT analysis, the strategic position of the healthcare centre can be established. A SWOT analysis looks at the company’s strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities and threats; the internal environment (the company’s strengths and weaknesses) in which the company operates and the external influence (the company’s opportunities and threats) are assessed (Bohm, 2009). In this case, a hospital will be analyzed using SWOT analysis. The strengths and the weaknesses are based on what the hospital can offer best and what it cannot offer best. The opportunities and threats for the hospital come from the external resources, the regulations and partnerships. Considering the strengths of the hospital, it is beyond doubt that patients receive a wide variety of quality services. This is seen in respect of the fact that the hospital staff is keen on complying with the code of ethics, maintains up-to-date records related to patient care and provides the option of applying Medicaid and Medicare to ease the cost of medical care. Maintaining accurate and up-to date records is important in ensuring that all aspects of patient care including billing are properly done. This in effect helps in the avoidance of medical malpractice with its accompanying negative effects, the worst being patient death. The hospital also flourishes in its endeavor to provide quality care in that it has a wide variety of facilities that are useful in screening diseases. The hospital’s emphasis on continuous education also implies that it is keen to ensure that the right treatments methods are applied in caring for patients. These combinations of positive factors have a compounded effect in attracting more patients to the hospital. The hospital needs to maintain and if possible improve on these strengths if it has to continue enjoying its position as a market leader in the provision of nursing care. As noted by many a human

Kaplan university science Essay Example for Free

Kaplan university science Essay This assignment concerning the differences between reputable source and questionable sources is in regards to weight loss programs. There are so many different programs available to the public. Unfortunately they are often from a questionable source consisting magic pills and supplements and marketed as the recommendations of a seemingly practicing physician who has conducted scientific research of sorts that will back up his claims. Many times it is stated or at least implied that there is absolutely no necessary change in diet or lifestyle needed. I think this makes their products a best-seller because it feeds into the fears and insecurities of the customer as well as the fantasy of something for nothing. For example, there is a new fad of weight supplements by ’Dr. Oz’. â€Å"Oprah and Other Celebrates Lose 4lbs a Week of BellyFat With This Secret That Readers Can Try Now!According to Dr. Travis Stork, Garcenia Lean Extreme works in more than one way. The first way is it goes in and causes the body to burn glucose, or sugar, and burn fat mainly in the liver. The second way, the most important way, is it slows the release of sugar into the bloodstream. So, when you don’t have sugar building up because sugar turns to fat. When the two combine together, you get this synergistic effect that basically burns and blocks and stops fat, but it is also natural and safe†. (Dr. Oz n.d.) The advertisement goes on further to provide quotes from seemingly satisfied customers whom boast of unprecedented weight loss in record breaking time without changing a single thing in their daily routine or diet. However, there are medical weight loss programs which are the result of legitimate and peer reviewed research. These programs offer no magic pills or supplements but do provide tested and proven facts concerning healthy and sustainable weight loss induced by a routine exercise regimen, significant reduction in calorie intake, and dramatic lifestyle changes. None of which is by any means easy. But, this is the program that can confidently guarantee amazing weight loss results and deliver. For example, â€Å"Specialist dietitians competent in Counterweight Programme delivery conducted two four-hour training sessions and a further 3 hour sessions after 6 months to consolidate the initial training.

The global strategy of french retailer Carrefour

The global strategy of french retailer Carrefour The last four decades has seen the French group Carrefour S.A. become Europes largest and the worlds second-largest retailer. The group presently operates the four major store format categories: hypermarkets, supermarkets, hard discount and also convenience stores. The Carrefour group presently operates more than 15,500 stores which are either company-operated or franchises. The group employs more than 475,000 people and generated sales (including VAT) of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬96.2billion approx. during 2009 (Carrefour Group, 2010, p 1-2). Carrefour was incorporated in Paris by the Fournier and Deoffrey founder families during 1959. It launched its first supermarket during 1960 near a crossroads (Carrefour in French) followed by the first Carrefour hypermarket during 1963. Thereafter, the internationalisation of Carrefour began with the Belgian foray during 1969 (Ki, 2008, p 14-19). Analysis Background Carrefours success was primarily because of its involvement in creating hypermarkets across Western Europe. Carrefour pooled the American approach to supermarkets with the discount stores format by retailing non-food products along with self-service (Jung, 2006, p 1-3). Its hypermarkets success led Carrefour to establish the groups first store in UK and Italy. Its further expansion helped to establish markets in numerous other countries for instance Greece, Turkey, Mexico, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Indonesia during the 1970s and the 1980s (Ki, 2008, p 14-19). A ground-breaking entrant in countries exemplified by its Brazilian investment in 1975 and the Chinese entry in 1995, Carrefour presently operates in three major European, Latin American and Asian markets. Present in 34 countries internationally, more than 57 percent of the group turnover is generated from the European markets excluding France. The group perceives strong potential for added international growth in future, principally in large national markets for example China, Indonesia, Brazil, Poland and Turkey (Carrefour Group, 2010, p 1-2). Global Strategy Within France, the group faces an extremely competitive pricing environment. Its hypermarket sales have been declining for a while because of the increasingly popular discount stores. Carrefours hypermarket comparable turnover (including petrol) for the third quarter dropped 8%, with non-food comparable turnover falling 9.5% (Stych, 2010, p 1-2). Perhaps the one way its investors will be truly satisfied is if its French hypermarket division performs better, since it contributes approximately a quarter of Carrefours global sales (Stych, 2010, p 1-2). Unlike some other global retail players like Metro (globally the 3rd. largest) which have financially independent global operations, Carrefours overseas expansion is driven by funding from the French operations. Compared to the Metro Group, Carrefours globalisation policy appears indecisive at the moment. Only time will reveal if the pressure to dispose off its Asian and Latin American businesses proves too hard to resist (Stych, 2010, p 1-2). Carrefour is keenly committed to sponsoring local economic development wherever it is operating globally. Typically, in any country that it operates in, the Carrefour group is the largest private employer. Unsurprisingly, this is true for France, where the group originates from. The same also applies to countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Greece and Italy. The group also strives to sustain local suppliers, with approximately 90 to 95% of its products sourced locally and based on the country of operations (Carrefour Group, 2010, p 1-2). Global markets priority France remains Carrefours recognised home market and also the groups key priority. The Group is taking initiative to reclaim its leadership within France. The aim is to produce growth, firstly through developing further its multi-format model, raising convergence and providing fresh momentum to its hard discount formats, followed by augmenting sales growth, price image and price competitiveness. The groups second priority includes Spain, Belgium and Italy Belgium which, including France, comprises Carrefours G4 countries. In these established European countries, suitable measures will be adopted to sustain growth (in Spain) or improve its performance in Italy and Belgium. Growth markets signify the groups third priority. It will focus its development resources for the most part on countries having stronger growth potential. The Groups progress in these regions will depend on various formats targeted at generating the customer base such as hypermarkets, cash and carry etc. (Carrefour Group, 2010, p 1-2) Successful globalisation Twelve years after incorporation, Carrefour began its internationalisation journey with its Belgian expansion. Its strategy depended on building the groups market share in each market by developing the kind of retailing most suitable to the local market and also by maximising the way the groups formats harmonised one another (ICEP, 2008, p 189-197 ). The companys self-branded products were commenced during the mid-1980s, thus highlighting Carrefours pursuit of in-store market shares. A succession of acquisitions and takeovers during the 1990s culminated in Carrefours 1999 affable takeover of Promodes, its main French competitor, thus crafting Europes largest food retailer (ICEP, 2008, p 189-197). It is seen that Carrefour is able to productively employ its capabilities and resources in creating a persistent competitive advantage with the right use of PESTEL and Ansoff Matrix methodologies to carry on catering to the unpredictable shoppers distinct and localised goods preferences and needs. The macro environment, largely represented as the PESTEL diagnostic framework, typifies the political, economic and societal factors along with the technological, environmental as also the legal factors. It assists in systematically examining and finding the impact of all these criteria on the organisations (Gray, 1999, p12) (Alfino, et al, 1998, p 17-23). The singular differentiator for Carrefours success in China has been its more ingrained adjustment to the local environment and in the appreciation of the local consumer behaviour and culture in terms of the societal and environmental factors in PESTELs framework (Gopalkrishnan, 2009, p 1-9). Further, Carrefour is more successful also because it considers China as a group of local or regional markets whereas Wal-mart considers it as a single large market; Carrefour also has decentralised sourcing and distribution unlike Wal-mart (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010, p 1). The Chinese favour fresh poultry and meat, hence local sourcing results in faster and smarter logistics rather than central sourcing of merchandise (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010, p 1). Another cause of the success of Carrefour is the decentralised organisational configuration, which permits it to continue the focus on local requirements and preferences. The corporate office in Paris is responsible for long-term strategy and policy. It also deals with financial and technical issues and offers advice when requested. It also offers intellectual capital and is responsible for new store locations and capital investments (Lal, et al, 2004, p 289-293). The Ansoff Matrix is a strategic marketing planning tool that connects a firms marketing strategy to its broad strategic direction. It presents four optional growth strategies as a matrix. These strategies look for growth through: (1) Market penetration by driving current products throughout their current market segments (2) Market development through developing new markets for current products (3) Product development through developing fresh products for its current markets and (4) Diversification through developing fresh products for fresh markets. The Ansoff Matrix was named after Igor Ansoff, its inventor and the father of strategic management and initially circulated in The Harvard business review in 1957 (Businessdictionary.com, 2010, p 1.2). Table 1: The Ansoff Matrix (Ansoff, 2010, p 1-2) The Table 1 above illustrates the four optional growth strategies (Ansoff, 2010, p 1-2). It is evident that Carrefour has successfully continued to implement the market and product diversification strategy by localizing its product and service offerings in most of the countries internationally within which it operates. It is also observed that it is able to continuously diversify into new markets based on the expertise gleaned from earlier international forays and localizing their offerings to suit the local requirements and preferences. Modes of entry The Carrefour group appears, through its choice of entry methods, to realise either the necessity or legal compulsion for a partner in nearly all international markets. Managerial control is typically sought after, and this is especially evident for Carrefour as well as for Delhaize, the Belgian retailer (Burt, et al, 2007, p 5-18). Carrefours conventional model of investment involves joint venturing and collaborating followed by either consolidation or divestment depending on whether the performance and market share grows or stagnates, states Burt (1994, p 391-410). Its merger with Promodes initiated broader variations of management control mechanisms leading to franchising and affiliation becoming more widespread than in the past. These mechanisms were actively followed in certain markets (Burt, et al, 2007, p 5-18). It is, however, noteworthy that its core hypermarket operations remain mainly a Carrefour led activity. Carrefour currently controls directly only 58 percent of the approximately 12,000 stores operating under the groups various fronts. Whilst 9 percent of its hypermarket network only is franchised, almost 93% of its convenience stores acquired from Promodes are franchised. Promodà ¨ss origins as a wholesaler are mirrored in the strength of this small store network as well as the management control mechanisms deployed (Burt, et al, 2007, p 5-18). During the subsequent few years post its Belgian expansion, it forayed into Spain and also brought the hypermarket format to Latin America during 1975. In Latin America, it adopted the self-funding model and restricted starting capital for one store and a half only. It only launched its second store once it was able to produce sufficient funds from the first stores operations. This discipline compelled Carrefour to continue experimenting at the first store until its success within the local market (Lal, et al, 2004, p 289-293). The entry and exit activities of three of the major European retail players, Carrefour, Delhaize and Ahold (Dutch), bears observation. Considering that there is a proliferation of individual markets, a possibly astonishing conclusion of the geographical mapping of businesses of these three groups is that, in none of these markets, do they compete directly (Burt, et al, 2007, p 5-18). One result of the recent reconsideration of the retailers market portfolios is the asset swops that are in effect now. Globalising retailers, including the ones that are comparatively new to globalisation have the prospect to obtain chains, stores or sites in other countries from other global retailers instead of local market operators (Burt, et al, 2007, p 5-18). Carrefours experience is that it pays to be the earliest to penetrate the foreign market and also that the entry mode should be via Greenfield operations (Lal, et al, 2004, p 289-293). But, in several foreign markets, there may not be a choice in this regard because of local market regulations and the entrant may be forced to follow a joint venture formula (Lal, et al, 2004, p 289-293). Some Countries exited Carrefour operates 42 stores in Thailand, counting 34 hypermarkets. It is the fifth largest organised food distribution retailer in Thailand with a 6% market share, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬723m of net sales and EBITDA of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬67m for the 12 months to 30 June 2010 (Carrefour, 2010, p 1-2). Big C, Groupe Casinos subsidiary, is Thailands second largest hypermarket operator, with 69 hypermarkets generating à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1.7bn net sales over the same period (Carrefour, 2010, p 1-2). Carrefour has recently confirmed an agreement with Big C for the divestment, after 14 years, of its operations in Thailand with the deal valued à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬868million. This valuation amounts to 120% of the net sales of the business being sold with 13.0 x EBITDA multiple. The deal is anticipated to close during the first quarter of 2011 (Carrefour, 2010, p 1-2). Carrefours strategic sale of its operations in Thailand is to enable the group to direct its resources towards the markets where it can occupy or occupies a leadership position and can get the maximum return on its capital employed. The growth prospects for its Thai operations did not permit the Group to envision a leading position either within the medium or short term (Carrefour, 2010, p 1-2). On the back of its successful retail history, Carrefour on its own ventured into South Korea, a completely unknown territory, without a local partner. Due to this reason, it was unable to understand the market. Carrefour deployed most of its top management personnel for South Koreas from France which was not appreciated by the local employees (Khan, 2010, p 7-11). The company did not localise its stores and the products were not stocked as per the requirements and inclinations of Korean consumers. Though bulk purchases were proffered at economical prices, suitable research was not conducted. They did not realise that there were only a few customers that preferred bulk purchases. As such, during April 2006, Carrefour sold its South Korean operations for approximately $1.3billion (Khan, 2010, p 7-11). Carrefours departure from Russia is rather astonishing given that its first store in the country was launched just two quarters earlier. The reason given has been the influence from the key shareholders Bernard Arnault and Colony Capital. These are the same investors pressurising Carrefour to exit its business from the Asian and Latin American markets. These businesses are forecasted to be valued anywhere from $17billion to $20billion. Their sale could shore up Carrefours underperforming share price (Stych, 2010, p 1-2). Conclusions Carrefour has successfully evolved over five decades from being the largest retail player in France to becoming the largest in Europe and the second largest globally in terms of net sales. This has resulted largely from its successful European play and the further globalisation through Latin America and Asia. Its success stems from its relentless quest for localizing its product and service offerings to fulfil the needs and preferences of its local customers in each of the countries that it ventures into. The mode of entry has largely been through the greenfield and joint venture strategies subject to the local legal requirements. The management control has been largely with the parent Carrefour. Yet, there are lessons to be learnt from unsuccessful ventures in certain countries, though the overall strategy of targeting leadership positions wherever it operates has brought success. Due to shareholder pressures to exit Latin America and Asia, it will ultimately either need to aggressively maximise its operations in those countries or redirect their resources as needed in the larger interest of all the stakeholders.

Severe Mercy in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Severe Mercy in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The best thing about King Lear is that the deeper you dig, the more meat you find. It seems straightforward enough, except that every now and then something leaps out of the dialogue that severs the veil of coherent reality to strike sharp blows at the eternal Within. Even with a minimum of thought, few, I think, when considering King Lear, could emerge unshaken. There are shining archetypes of pain and grace and mercy and redemption. And like all truth, Lear abounds with paradox: we love him, we hate him; he is as King, deity; as father, a child. His beginning is noble yet immature, his end is destitute yet sublime. His subjects, all, are antonyms and mirrors. The messages come to us disguised as both story and image. The two are hopelessly bound up with one another, but we shall consider them a little separated in hopes of making some progress through such mvstic mire. The images come as flashes of recognition and intuition. We needn't understand something to be affected by it, for intuition is recognition on the sub-conscious level, which is equally, if not more, important. But unlike the "jolts of glory" that images may bear, the story is gradually grasped, perhaps even long after the performance, when the mind may consolidate and review the witnessed events. On the surface, King Lear is a pagan play, as it is set pre-Christian England. But it has, for all that, no shortage of appeals to deity and interesting speculation. This is, after all, a play set on the brink of eternity and it must make us wonder on the universe in relationship to the characters and ourselves. The first tragedy is that Lear's world is void of revelation. It is simply Man and the awesome silence of the Dead. They are a people with no assurence. We who watch the play with the benefit of a Christian worldview have got to displace ourselves and push our assurances and belief aside, if possible, to let inan inkling of the dispair and horror which must meet each man with no hope. It is not easy to do, and extremely discouraging when we succeed. Asin Beowulf, one of our language's oldest pieces of mythic literature, a man's only assurance of afterlife was living on in the memory of those who remained alive, and the greatest end would be a heroic ballad, a song through which a man may live forever, if forever it were sung.

Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst You step out of your car onto this amazing white sand beach. You walk toward the water and notice all of these beautiful women coming toward you and saying your name. As you start to lay the charm down you notice that one of them is chewing on your leg. Then all of a sudden all of them are taking huge bites out of you and ripping you apart. You try to escape but you seem to be unable to do anything in your defense. AAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!! All of a sudden you awake in a frantic scream. You realize you are still in one piece and that no beautiful women really want you, you are just the same loser you were the day before. Dreams such as this one I described above happen to millions of people all over the world every time they stop to take a little nap or when they are asleep at night. Why do we dream? What do they mean? Why do humans as well as animals have dreams that sometimes fit into our daily life and others seem to be way out of the ordinary and have no significance in our lives? Throughout history human beings have sought to understand the meaning of dreams. The ancient Egyptians believed dreams possessed oracular or all knowing power. In the Bible, for example, there are many instances where people have gained power or went on hunger strikes because of dreams. Other cultures have interpreted dreams as inspirational, healing, or an alternative to reality. Many Indian tribes believed that dreams were what were expected of the future. Dreams have been a part of life for hundreds and hundreds of years and many people have various feelings about what they mean and why we have them (Sleep Disorders). There was one man though, who has changed the world's point of view on dreams. His name... ...(rev. ed) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 Mahoney, Maria F. Meaning in Dreams and Dreaming Citadel Press: Copyright Maria F Mahoney, 1966 Machenzie, Norm Ian Dreams and Dreaming Aldus Books Limited, London, 1965 Gyn, Lynn The Dream Emporium. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://dreamemporium.com/ Green, Ariadne Ancient Symbols. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://psychology.about.com/library/weekly/aa111501j.htm?terms=Dream+symbols Tiger's Nest 2000. March 29, 2002 http://www.frii.com/~tigrnest/drmart.htm Dreams and Their Meanings Copyright 2001 by PageWise, Inc. http://mtmt.essortment.com/dreamsmeanings_rfee.htm "Sigmund Freud" Thinkquest Library Website April 22, 2002 http://library.thinkquest.org/17039/Normal/freud.html "The Dreaming Life" Sleep Disorders April 19, 2002 <http://sleepdisorders.about.com/library/weekly/aa021101a.htm?terms=Bible+and+dreams> Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst You step out of your car onto this amazing white sand beach. You walk toward the water and notice all of these beautiful women coming toward you and saying your name. As you start to lay the charm down you notice that one of them is chewing on your leg. Then all of a sudden all of them are taking huge bites out of you and ripping you apart. You try to escape but you seem to be unable to do anything in your defense. AAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!! All of a sudden you awake in a frantic scream. You realize you are still in one piece and that no beautiful women really want you, you are just the same loser you were the day before. Dreams such as this one I described above happen to millions of people all over the world every time they stop to take a little nap or when they are asleep at night. Why do we dream? What do they mean? Why do humans as well as animals have dreams that sometimes fit into our daily life and others seem to be way out of the ordinary and have no significance in our lives? Throughout history human beings have sought to understand the meaning of dreams. The ancient Egyptians believed dreams possessed oracular or all knowing power. In the Bible, for example, there are many instances where people have gained power or went on hunger strikes because of dreams. Other cultures have interpreted dreams as inspirational, healing, or an alternative to reality. Many Indian tribes believed that dreams were what were expected of the future. Dreams have been a part of life for hundreds and hundreds of years and many people have various feelings about what they mean and why we have them (Sleep Disorders). There was one man though, who has changed the world's point of view on dreams. His name... ...(rev. ed) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 Mahoney, Maria F. Meaning in Dreams and Dreaming Citadel Press: Copyright Maria F Mahoney, 1966 Machenzie, Norm Ian Dreams and Dreaming Aldus Books Limited, London, 1965 Gyn, Lynn The Dream Emporium. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://dreamemporium.com/ Green, Ariadne Ancient Symbols. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://psychology.about.com/library/weekly/aa111501j.htm?terms=Dream+symbols Tiger's Nest 2000. March 29, 2002 http://www.frii.com/~tigrnest/drmart.htm Dreams and Their Meanings Copyright 2001 by PageWise, Inc. http://mtmt.essortment.com/dreamsmeanings_rfee.htm "Sigmund Freud" Thinkquest Library Website April 22, 2002 http://library.thinkquest.org/17039/Normal/freud.html "The Dreaming Life" Sleep Disorders April 19, 2002 <http://sleepdisorders.about.com/library/weekly/aa021101a.htm?terms=Bible+and+dreams>

Essay on Homers Odyssey: Foreshadowing the Homecoming -- Homer Odysse

The Odyssey: Foreshadowing the Homecoming The majority of the Odyssey is an account of Odysseus’ adventures trying to reach his homeland of Ithaka. Several of these adventures are false homecomings, the most prominent of which is his imprisonment on Kalypso’s island. This false homecoming is strikingly different from what one would expect of Odysseus’ real homecoming, but similar enough for parallels to be drawn between the two. Homer uses this false homecoming to foreshadow Odysseus’ true homecoming. Throughout the Odyssey, Homer presents the reader with certain clues about what Odysseus feels his homecoming should (but not neccessarily will) be like. First of all, Odysseus wants to return to Ithaka. Homer goes as far as having Odysseus describe Ithaka: "There is a mountain there that stands tall, leaf-trembling Neritos, and there are islands settled around it, lying one very close to another. There is Doulichion and Same, wooded Zakynthos, but my island lies low and away, last of all on the water†¦" (Bk. 9, ln. 21-25). Kalypso lives on island, which may indeed resemble Ithaka. In this way, Homer begins to alert the reader that this scene may be a false homecoming. But, simply the fact that Kalypso lives on an island is not enough evidence to draw the conclusion that this may foreshadow Odysseus’s true homecoming. Other evidence is needed, and Homer provides it for us. Odysseus expects to return to his family and to the way of life which he is accustomed to. For the m ost part, Kalypso treats him as he is used to being treated—there is a certain sense of familiarity here. Returning from ten years of war with Troy and at least several years at sea, Odysseus wants to return to the comfort of home. Her cave has ... ...eople and customs that Odysseus expects to return home to, and Homer is only using Kalypso’s fake family and home to foreshadow this. When Odysseus finally reaches Ithaka, all that Homer has foreshadowed using Kalypso’s island as a false homecoming is realized, and subsequently all of Odysseus’s expectations are achieved. Odysseus returns to an island, but it is Ithaka. He is greeted with the inhospitality of the suitors (as Homer foreshadowed), but soon restores order and his own sense of civilization. Odysseus and Penelope (rather than Kalypso’s perfect image of a wife) are reunited. Recognized by his son, his wife, and his people, Odysseus’s homecoming is completely. No matter how desirable the world Kalypso created for Odysseus appeared, it was only a false homecoming used by Homer for it’s generalities to foreshadow the specifics of Odysseus’s true homecoming.

The Cast of Amontillado Vs The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Alan Poe

The Cask of Amontillado and The Tell Tale Heart are stories written by Edgar Alan Poe. In those stories we have evidence of two different ways to be killed, one of them with irony to consciously accept to go down your final destiny and the other one with surprise at night while sleeping in your bed. Both murderers killed their victims, and told us in a first person narrative how and why they committed the murders. However, should we believe everything they said about what happened in the stories? In order to have a better picture we need to break down the facts of the murderers (Montresour and The Narrator).Montresour studied his victim before the act, while the Narrator waited for the easy chance to kill. Montresour planned a trick to hide his emotions until the end while the Narrator was a slave of what he was feeling. In both crimes there was a point when everything tended to change; Montresour could take care of that unexpected event while the Narrator lost control of his mind an d jumped to kill his victim. In essence, there are two murderers who planned their crimes in a very different way and their emotions played the crucial position, showing what really happened.First of all, Montresour had a deep hate for his victim (he with stood thousands of injuries without any complaint) while the Narrator loved his victim yet hated his evil and pale eye. As you can see in The Cask of Amontillado, â€Å"He had a weak point this Fortunato-although in other regards he was a man to be respected and even feared. He prided himself on his connoisseurship in wine. † Through this quote we can see that Montresour already had studied his victim. He knew that he had to be careful with Fortunato’s power, and he had to take advantage of his sky high vanity of knowing a lot of wines.On the other hand, in the Tell Tale Heart the Narrator had trouble defining why exactly he wanted to kill the old man. When he did it, he realized it was only for his eye and once he kn ew it he couldn’t stop desiring it. As a result, I think Montresour took the time to control his emotions, so when the time of the crime came, he could trick his victim. While the Narrator let his emotions run, which blinded his actions and left loose ends. Montresour felt the hate, and then he planned his revenge.While he was executing his plan he contained his excitement until the end. The Narrator was a slave to his emotions, and he went on doing what he was feeling. Montresour could trick Fortunato, because he never showed his feelings, he allowed Fortunato to come back all the time, making believe they were â€Å"friends†. He hooked Fortunato due to his vanity, â€Å"I am on my way to Luchesi†, that stubborn feeling of supremacy of knowing a lot about wines made Fortunato felt to the trap, he needed to taste that cask of amontillado no matter what.On the other hand, the Narrator thought his feelings can give him the strength to do things right. The easily p osition of his victim made him forget to use his head. At this point, we have two murderers with their victims at their scope, waiting for the dead. The resignation and denial that the victims felt, plus that grief and panic of knowing the end was near make the victims react, and that made the murderers act in different ways. When Fortunato was already trapped in the tomb fooled and realizing he was going to die, he made his last joke showing that he wasn’t affected at all.â€Å"But now there came from out the niche a low laugh that erected the hairs upon my head†, Montresour said. That was something he didn’t expected, for one moment in all the crime he felt fear. He hurriedly kept going and closed the tomb. On the other hand, the old man heard a noise; he knew somebody was looking at him that night, bur he stayed petrified in his bed. That was the trigger for the Narrator. It was an uncontrollable excitement, feeling his victim in waiting and helpless. There w asn’t a way back.The Narrator’s heart was going to burst and he thought some neighbors could hear the noise and call the police. He didn’t want to be caught so he finally jumped and killed the old man. Therefore, as you can see in both stories, emotions played the most important role in their crimes. What the killers felt helps to clarify and understand what really was happening. Montresour knew his victim and took the time to control his feelings against Fortunato. Then he planned and found the way to trick him.Even with the unexpected reaction at the end he kept going accordingly what he planned and closed the tomb with hurry. The Narrator was tempted by a deep hate that the old man’s eye produced for him. He took advantage of the closeness and helplessness of his victim and decided to let his angry run exposing himself to that excitement until death, and in the end his uncontrollable emotions made him confess the crime. In conclusion, you will never hi de completely your feelings, it doesn’t matter how clever or dumb you are, emotions always are going to find a way out.

C# Step by Step Codes

SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Microsoft Visual Studio C#. NET Step By Step 1 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Introduction Microsoft Visual C# is a powerful but simple language aimed primarily at developers creating applications by using the Microsoft . NET Framework. It inherits many of the best features of C++ and Microsoft Visual Basic, but few of the inconsistencies and anachronisms, resulting in a cleaner and more logical language. The advent of C# 2. 0 has seen several important new features added to the language, including Generics, Iterators, and anonymous methods.The development environment provided by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 makes these powerful features easy to use, and the many new wizards and enhancements included in Visual Studio 2005 can greatly improve your productivity as a developer. The aim of this book is to teach you the fundamentals of programming with C# by using Visual Studio 2005 and the . NET Framework. You will learn the features of the C# language, and then use them to build applications running on the Microsoft Windows operating system.By the time you complete this book, you will have a thorough understanding of C# and will have used it to build Windows Forms applications, access Microsoft SQL Server databases, develop ASP. NET Web applications, and build and consume a Web service. Part I Introducing Microsoft Visual C# and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Chapter 1 Welcome to C# After completing this chapter, you will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Use the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Create a C# console application. Use namespaces. Create a C# Windows Forms application. Microsoft Visual C# is Microsoft's powerful, component-oriented language.C# plays an important role in the architecture of the Microsoft . NET Framework, and some people have drawn comparisons to the role that C played in the development of UNIX. If you already know a language such as C, C++, or Java, you'll find the syntax of C# reassuringly fami liar because it uses the same curly brackets to delimit blocks of code. However, if you are used to programming in other languages, you should soon be able to pick up the syntax and feel of C#; you just need to learn to put the curly brackets and semi-colons in the right place. Hopefully this is just the book to help you!In Part I, you'll learn the fundamentals of C#. You'll discover how to declare variables and how to use operators such as plus (+) and minus (-) to create values. You'll see how to write methods and pass arguments to methods. You'll also learn how to use selection statements such as if and iteration statements such as while. Finally, you'll understand how C# uses exceptions to handle errors in a graceful, easy-to-use manner. These topics form the core of C#, and from this solid foundation, you'll progress to more advanced features in Part II through Part VI. 2 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEPBeginning Programming with the Visual Studio 2005 Environment Visual Studio 2005 i s a tool-rich programming environment containing all the functionality you'll need to create large or small C# projects. You can even create projects that seamlessly combine modules from different languages. In the first exercise, you'll start the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment and learn how to create a console application. Create a console application in Visual Studio 2005 1. In Microsoft Windows, click the Start button, point to All Programs, and then point to Microsoft Visual Studio 2005. 2.Click the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 icon. Visual Studio 2005 starts. NOTE If this is the first time that you have run Visual Studio 2005, you might see a dialog box prompting you to choose your default development environment settings. Visual Studio 2005 can tailor itself according your preferred development language. The various dialog boxes and tools in the integrated development environment (IDE) will have their default selections set for the language you 3 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP choose. Select Visual C# Development Settings from the list, and then click the Start Visual Studio button.After a short delay, the Visual Studio 2005 IDE appears. 3. On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. This dialog box allows you to create a new project using various templates, such as Windows Application, Class Library, and Console Application, that specify the type of application you want to create. NOTE The actual templates available depend on the version of Visual Studio 2005 you are using. It is also possible to define new project templates, but that is beyond the scope of this book. 4.In the Templates pane, click the Console Application icon. 5. In the Location field, type C:Documents and SettingsYourNameMy DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1. Replace the text YourName in this path with your Windows user name. To save a bit of space throughout the rest of this book, we will simply refer to th e path â€Å"C:Documents and SettingsYourNameMy Documents† as your â€Å"My Documents† folder. 4 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTE If the folder you specify does not exist, Visual Studio 2005 creates it for you. 6. In the Name field, type TextHello. . Ensure that the Create Directory for Solution check box is checked and then click OK. The new project opens. The menu bar at the top of the screen provides access to the features you'll use in the programming environment. You can use the keyboard or the mouse to access the menus and commands exactly as you can in all Windows-based programs. The toolbar is located beneath the menu bar and provides button shortcuts to run the most frequently used commands. The Code and Text Editor window occupying the main part of the IDE displays the contents of source files.In a multi-file project, each source file has its own tab labeled with the name of the source file. You can click the tab once to bring the named source file to the foreg round in the Code and Text Editor window. The Solution Explorer displays the names of the files associated with the project, among other items. You can also double-click a file name in the Solution Explorer to bring that source file to the foreground in the Code and Text Editor window. 5 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Before writing the code, examine the files listed in the Solution Explorer, which Visual Studio 2005 has created as part of your project: Solution ‘TextHello' This is the top-level solution file, of which there is one per application. If you use Windows Explorer to look at your My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHello folder, you'll see that the actual name of this file is TextHello. sln. Each solution file contains references to one or more project files. †¢ TextHello This is the C# project file. Each project file references one or more files containing the source code and other items for the project. All the source code in a single project must be written in the same programming language.In Windows Explorer, this file is actually called TextHello. csproj, and it is stored in your My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello folder. †¢ Properties This is a folder in the TextHello project. If you expand it, you will see that it contains a file called AssemblyInfo. cs. AssemblyInfo. cs is a special file that you can use to add attributes to a program, such as the name of the author, the date the program was written, and so on. There are additional attributes that you can use to modify the way in which the program will run.These attributes are outside the scope of this book. †¢ References This is a folder that contains references to compiled code that your application can use. When code is compiled, it is converted into an assembly and given a unique name. Developers use assemblies to package up useful bits of code that they have written for distribution to other developers that might want to use them in their applications. Many of the features that you will be using when writing applications using this book will make use of assemblies provided by Microsoft with Visual Studio 2005. †¢ Program. csThis is a C# source file, and is the one displayed in the Code and Text Editor window when the project is first created. You will write your code in this file. It contains some code that Visual Studio 2005 provides automatically, which you will examine shortly. Writing Your First Program The Program. cs file defines a class called Program that contains a method called Main. All methods must be defined inside a class. The Main method is special—it designates the program's entry point. It must be a static method. (Methods are discussed in 6 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Chapter 3, â€Å"Writing Methods and Applying Scope. Static methods are discussed in Chapter 7, â€Å"Creating and Managing Classes and Objects. † The Main method is discussed in Chapter 11, â€Å"Unde rstanding Parameter Arrays. †) IMPORTANT C# is a case-sensitive language. You must spell Main with a capital M. In the following exercises, you'll write the code to display the message Hello World in the console; you'll build and run your Hello World console application; you'll learn how namespaces are used to partition code elements. Write the code using IntelliSense technology 1. In the Code and Text Editor window displaying the Program. s file, place the cursor in the Main method after the opening brace, and type Console. As you type the letter C at the start of the word Console an IntelliSense list appears. This list contains all of the valid C# keywords and data types that are valid in this context. You can either continue typing, or scroll through the list and double-click the Console item with the mouse. Alternatively, after you have typed Con, the Intellisense list will automatically home in on the Console item and you can press the Tab, Enter, or Spacebar key to selec t it. Main should look like this: static void Main(string[] args) Console } NOTE Console is a built-in class that contains the methods for displaying messages on the screen and getting input from the keyboard. 2. Type a period immediately after Console. Another Intellisense list appears displaying the methods, properties, and fields of the Console class. 3. Scroll down through the list until WriteLine is selected, and then press Enter. Alternatively, you can continue typing until WriteLine is selected and then press Enter. The IntelliSense list closes, and the WriteLine method is added to the source file. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) Console. WriteLine } 4. Type an open parenthesis. Another IntelliSense tip appears. This tip displays the parameters of the WriteLine method. In fact, WriteLine is an overloaded method, meaning that Console contains more than one method named Write Line. Each version of the WriteLine method can be used to output differ ent 7 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP types of data. (Overloaded methods are discussed in Chapter 3. ) Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine( } You can click the tip's up and down arrows to scroll through the overloaded versions of WriteLine. . Type a close parenthesis, followed by a semicolon. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine(); } 6. Type the string â€Å"Hello World† between the left and right parentheses. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); } TIP Get into the habit of typing matched character pairs, such as ( and ) and { and }, before filling in their contents. It's easy to forget the closing character if you wait until after you've entered the contents. 8 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTEYou will frequently see lines of code containing two forward slashes followed by ordinary text. These are comments. They a re ignored by the compiler, but are very useful for developers because they help document what a program is actually doing. For example: Console. ReadLine(); // Wait for the user to press the Enter key All text from the two slashes to the end of the line will be skipped by the compiler. You can also add multi-line comments starting with /*. The compiler will skip everything until it finds a */ sequence, which could be many lines lower down.You are actively encouraged to document your code with as many comments as necessary. Build and run the console application 1. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. This action causes the C# code to be compiled, resulting in a program that you can run. The Output windows appears below the Code and Text Editor window. a. TIP If the Output window does not appear, click the View menu, and then click Output to display it. b. In the Output window, messages similar to the following show how the program is being compiled and display the details of any errors that have 9 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP occurred.In this case there should be no errors or warnings, and the program should build successfully: c. —— Build started: Project: TextHello, Configuration: Debug Any CPU —d. Csc. exe /config /nowarn:†1701;1702†³ /errorreport: prompt /warn:4 †¦ e. Compile complete –- 0 errors, 0 warnings f. TextHello -> C:Documents and SettingsJohnMy DocumentsMicrosoft Press†¦ g. ============ Build: 1 succeeded or up-to-date, 0 failed, 0 skipped ======== h. NOTE An asterisk after the file name in the tab above the Code and Text Editor window indicates that the file has been changed since it was last saved.There is no need to manually save the file before building because the Build Solution command automatically saves the file. 2. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. A Command window opens and the program runs. The message Hello World appears, and then the program waits for the user to press any key, as shown in the following graphic: 3. Ensure that the Command window displaying the program has the focus, and then press Enter. The Command window closes and you return to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. NOTE If you run the program using Start Debugging on the Debug menu, the pplication runs but the Command window closes immediately without waiting for you to press a key. 4. In the Solution Explorer, click the TextHello project (not the solution), and then click Show All Files button. Entries named bin and obj appear above the C# source filenames. These entries correspond directly to folders named bin and obj in the project folder (My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello). These folders are created when you build your application, and they contain the executable version of the program and some other files. 10 SREEKANTHC# STEP BY STEP 5. 5. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the bin entry. Another folder named Deb ug appears. 6. 6. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the Debug entry. Three entries named TextHello. exe, TextHello. pdb, and TextHello. vshost. exe appear. The file TextHello. exe is the compiled program, and it is this file that runs when you click Start Without Debugging in the Debug menu. The other two files contain information that is used by Visual Studio 2005 if you run your program in Debug mode (when you click Start Debugging in the Debug menu).Command Line Compilation You can also compile your source files into an executable file manually by using the csc command-line C# compiler. You must first complete the following steps to set up your environment: 1. On the Windows Start menu, point to All Programs, point to Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, point to Visual Studio Tools, and click Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt. A Command window opens, and the envionment variables PATH, LIB, and INCLUDE are configured to include the locations of the various . NET Frame work libraries and utilities. TIP You can also run the vcvarsall. at script, located in the C:Program FilesMicrosoft Visual Studio 8VC folder, if you want to configure the environment variables while running in an ordinary Command Prompt window. 2. In the Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt window, type the following command to go to the My DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello project folder: 3. cd Documents and SettingsYourNameMy DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello 4. Type the following command: csc /out:TextHello. exe Program. cs 11 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEPThis command creates the executable file TextHello. exe from the C# source file. If you don't use the /out command-line option, the executable file takes its name from the source file and is called Program. exe. 5. Run the program by typing the following command: TextHello The program should run exactly as before, except that you will not see the à ¢â‚¬Å"Press any key to continue† prompt. Using Namespaces The example you have seen so far is a very small program. However, small programs can soon grow into bigger programs. As a program grows, it creates two problems. First, more code is harder to understand and maintain than less code.Second, more code usually means more names; more named data, more named methods, and more named classes. As the number of names increases so does the likelihood of the project build failing because two or more names clash (especially when the program uses third-party libraries). In the past, programmers tried to solve the name-clashing problem by prefixing names with some sort of qualifier (or set of qualifiers). This solution is not a good one because it's not scalable; names become longer and you spend less time writing software and more time typing (there is a difference) and reading and re-reading incomprehensibly long names.Namespaces help solve this problem by creating a named container for other identifiers, such as classes. Two classes with the same name will not be confused with each other if they live in different namespaces. You can create a class named Greeting inside the namespace named TextHello, like this: namespace TextHello { class Greeting { †¦ } } You can then refer to the Greeting class as TextHello. Greeting in your own programs. If someone else also creates a Greeting class in a different namespace and installs it on your computer, your programs will still work as expected because they are using the TextHello.Greeting class. If you want to refer the new Greeting class, you must specify that you want the class from the new namespace. It is good practice to define all your classes in namespaces, and the Visual Studio 2005 environment follows this recommendation by using the name of your project as the toplevel namespace. The . NET Framework Software Developer Kit (SDK) also adheres to this recommendation; every class in the . NET Framework lives inside a namespace. For 12 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP example, the Console class lives inside the System namespace. This means that its fully qualified name is actually System.Console. Of course, if you had to write the fully qualified name of a class every time, it would be no better that just naming the class SystemConsole. Fortunately, you can solve this problem with a using directive. If you return to the TextHello program in Visual Studio 2005 and look at the file Program. cs in the Code and Text Editor window, you will notice the following statements: using System; using System. Collections. Generic; using System. Text; The using statement brings a namespace into scope, and you no longer have to explictly qualify objects with the namespace they belong to in the code that follows.The three namespaces shown contain classes that are used so often that Visual Studio 2005 automatically adds these using statements every time you create a new project. You can add further using direct ives to the top of a source file. The following exercise demonstrates the concept of namespaces further. Try longhand names 1. In the Code And Text Editor window, comment out the using directive at the top of Program. cs: //using System; 2. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build fails, and the Output pane displays the following error message twice (once for each use of the Console class):The name ‘Console' does not exist in the current context. 3. In the Output pane, double-click the error message. The identifier that caused the error is selected in the Program. cs source file. TIP The first error can affect the reliability of subsequent diagnostic messages. If your build has more than one diagnostic message, correct only the first one, ignore all the others, and then rebuild. This strategy works best if you keep your source files small and work iteratively, building frequently. 4. In the Code and Text Editor window, edit the Main method to use the fully qualified name System. Console.Main should look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { System. Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); 13 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP } NOTE When you type System. , notice how the names of all the items in the System namespace are displayed by IntelliSense. 5. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build succeeds this time. If it doesn't, make sure Main is exactly as it appears in the preceding code, and then try building again. 6. Run the application to make sure it still works by clicking Start Without Debugging on the Debug menu. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the References entry.This displays the assemblies referenced by the Solution Explorer. An assembly is a library containing code written by other developers (such as the . NET Framework). In some cases, the classes in a namespace are stored in an assembly that has the same name (such as System), although this does not have to be the case—some assemblies hold more than one namespace. Whenever you use a namespace, you also need to make sure that you have referenced the assembly that contains the classes for that namespace; otherwise your program will not build (or run). Creating a Windows Forms ApplicationSo far you have used Visual Studio 2005 to create and run a basic Console application. The Visual Studio 2005 programming environment also contains everything you'll need to create graphical Windows applications. You can design the form-based user interface of a Windows application interactively by using the Visual Designer. Visual Studio 2005 then generates the program statements to implement the user interface you've designed. From this explanation, it follows that Visual Studio 2005 allows you to maintain two views of the application: the Design View and the Code View.The Code and Text Editor window (showing the program statements) doubles as the Design View window (allowing you to lay out your user interface), and you can switch bet ween the two views whenever you want. In the following set of exercises, you'll learn how to create a Windows program in Visual Studio 2005. This program will display a simple form containing a text box where you can enter your name and a button that, when clicked, displays a personalized greeting in a message box.You will use the Visual Designer to create your user interface by placing controls on a form; inspect the code generated by Visual Studio 2005; use the Visual Designer to change the control properties; use the Visual Designer to resize the form; write the code to respond to a button click; and run your first Windows program. Create a Windows project in Visual Studio 2005 1. On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. 2. In the Project Types pane, click Visual C#. 14 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 3. In the Templates pane, click the Windows Application icon. . Ensure that the Location field refers to your My DocumentsVisual CSharp St ep by StepChapter 1 folder. 5. In the Name field, type WinFormHello. 6. In the Solutions field, ensure that Create new Solution is selected. This action creates a new solution for holding the Windows application. The alternative, Add to Solution, will add the project to the TextHello solution. 7. Click OK. Visual Studio 2005 closes your current application (prompting you to save it first of necessary) and creates and displays an empty Windows form in the Design View window.In the following exercise, you'll use the Visual Designer to add three controls to the Windows form and examine some of the C# code automatically generated by Visual Studio 2005 to implement these controls. Create the user interface 1. Click the Toolbox tab that appears to the left of the form in the Design View. The Toolbox appears, partially obscuring the form and displaying the various components and controls that you can place on a Windows form. 2. In the Toolbox, click the + sign by Common Controls to display a list of controls that are used by most Windows Forms applications. 15 SREEKANTHC# STEP BY STEP 3. Click Label, and then click the visible part of the form. A Label control is added to the form, and the Toolbox disappears from view. TIP If you want the Toolbox to remain visible but not hide any part of the form, click the Auto Hide button to the right in Toolbox title bar (it looks like a pin). The Toolbox appears permanently on the left side of the Visual Studio 2005 window, and the Design View shrinks to accommodate it. (You might lose a lot of space if you have a low-resolution screen. ) Clicking the Auto Hide button once more causes the Toolbox to disappear again. 4.The Label control on the form is probably not exactly where you want it. You can click and drag the controls you have added to a form to reposition them. Using this technique, move the Label control so that it is positioned towards the upper-left corner of the form. (The exact placement is not critical for this app lication. ) 5. On the View menu, click Properties Window. The Properties window appears on the right side of the screen. The Properties window allows you to set the properties for items in a project. It is context sensitive, in that it displays the properties for the currently selected item.If you click anywhere on the form displayed in the Design View, you will see that the Properties windows displays the properties for the form itself. If you click the Label control, the window displays the properties for the label instead. 6. Click the Label control on the form. In the Properties window, locate the Text property, change it from label1 to Enter your name, and then press Enter. On the form, the label's text changes to Enter Your Name. TIP By default, the properties are displayed in categories. If you prefer to display the properties in alphabetical order, click the Alphabetical button that appears above the properties list. . Display the Toolbox again. Click TextBox, and then click the form. A TextBox control is added to the form. Move the TextBox control so that it is directly underneath the Label control. TIP When you drag a control on a form, alignment handles appear automatically when the control becomes aligned vertically or horizontally with other controls. This give you a quick visual cue for making sure that controls are lined up neatly. 8. While the TextBox control is selected, locate the Text property in the Properties window, type here, and then press Enter. On the form, the word here appears in the text box. 9.In the Properties window, find the (Name) property. Visual Studio 2005 gives controls and forms default names, which, although they are a good starting point, are not always very meaningful. Change the name of the TextBox control to userName. 16 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTE We will talk more about naming conventions for controls and variables in Chapter 2, â€Å"Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions. † 10. Display the T oolbox again, click Button, and then click the form. Drag the Button control to the right of the TextBox control on the form so that it is aligned horizontally with the text box. 11.Using the Properties window, change the Text property of the Button control to OK. Change its (Name) property to ok. The caption on the button changes. 12. Click the Form1 form in the Design View window. Notice that resize handles (small squares) appear on the lower edge, the right-hand edge, and the righthand bottom corner of the form. 13. Move the mouse pointer over the resize handle. The pointer changes to a diagonal double-headed arrow. 14. Hold down the left mouse button, and drag the pointer to resize the form. Stop dragging and release the mouse button when the spacing around the controls is roughly equal.TIP You can resize many controls on a form by selecting the control and dragging one of the resize handles that appears in the corners of the control. Note that a form has only one resize handle, whereas most controls have four (one on each corner). On a form, any resize handles other than the one in the lower-right corner would be superfluous. Also note that some controls, such as Label controls, are automatically sized based on their contents and cannot be resized by dragging them. The form should now look similar to the one in the following graphic. 1. In the Solution Explorer, right-click the file Form1. s, and then click View Code. The Form1. cs source file appears in the Code and Text Editor window. There are now two tabs named Form1. cs above the Code and Text Editor/Design View window. You can click the one suffixed with [Design] to return to Design View window at any time. Form1. cs contains some of the code automatically generated by Visual Studio 2005. You should note the following elements: 17 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP o using directives Visual Studio 2005 has written a number of using directives at the top of the source file (more than for the previous example) . For example: using System. Windows. Forms;The additional namespaces contain the classes and controls used when building graphical applications—for example, the TextBox, Label, and Button classes. o The namespace Visual Studio 2005 has used the name of the project as the name of the toplevel namespace: namespace WinFormHello { †¦ } o A class Visual Studio 2005 has written a class called Form1 inside the WinForm Hello namespace: namespace WinFormHello { partial class Form1 †¦ { †¦ } } NOTE For the time being, ignore the partial keyword in this class. I will describe its purpose shortly. This class implements the form you created in the Design View. Classes are discussed in Chapter 7. ) There does not appear to be much else in this class—there is a little bit of code known as a constructor that calls a method called InitializeComponent, but nothing else. (A constructor is a special method with the same name as the class. It is executed when the form is cr eated and can contain code to initialize the form. Constructors are also discussed in Chapter 7. ) However, Visual Studio 2005 is performing a sleight of hand and is hiding a few things from you, as I will now demonstrate. In a Windows Forms application, Visual Studio 2005 actually generates a potentially large amount of code.This code performs operations such as 18 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP creating and displaying the form when the application starts, and creating and positioning the various controls on the form. However, this code can change as you add controls to a form and change their properties. You are not expected to change this code (indeed, any changes you make are likely to be overwritten the next time you edit the form in the Design View), so Visual Studio 2005 hides it from you. To display the hidden code, return to the Solution Explorer, and click the Show All Files button.The bin and obj folders appear, much as they did with the Console application you developed in th e first part of this chapter. However, notice that Form1. cs now has a + sign next to it. If you click this + sign, you see a file called Form1. Designer. cs, and a file called Form1. resx. Double-click the file Form1. Designer. cs to display its contents in the Code and Text Editor window. You will see the remaining code for the Form1 class in this file. C# allows you to split the code for a class across multiple source files, as long as each part of the class is marked with the partial keyword.This file includes a region labelled Windows Form Designer generated code. Expanding this region by clicking the + sign reveals the code created and maintained by Visual Studio 2005 when you edit a form using the Design View window. The actual contents of this file include: o The InitializeComponent method This method is mentioned in the file Form1. cs. The statements inside this method set the properties of the controls you added to the form in the Design View. (Methods are discussed in Cha pter 3. ) Some of the statements in this method that correspond to the actions you performed using the Properties window are shown below: .. private void InitializeComponent() { this. label1 = new System. Windows. Forms. Label(); this. userName = new System. Windows. Forms. TextBox(); this. ok = new System. Windows. Forms. Button(); †¦ this. label1. Text = â€Å"Enter your name†; †¦ this. userName. Text = â€Å"here†; †¦ this. ok. Text = â€Å"OK†; †¦ } †¦ o Three fields Visual Studio 2005 has created three fields inside the Form1 class. These fields appear near the end of the file: private System. Windows. Forms. Label label1; 19 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP private System. Windows. Forms. TextBox userName; private System. Windows. Forms. Button ok; .. These fields implement the three controls you added to the form in Design View. (Fields are discussed in Chapter 7. ) It is worth restating that although this file is interesting to look at, you should never edit its contents yourself. Visual Studio 2005 automatically updates this file when you make changes in the Design View. Any code that you need to write yourself should be placed in the Form1. cs file. At this point you might well be wondering where the Main method is and how the form gets displayed when the application runs; remember that Main defines the point at which the program starts.In the Solution Explorer, you should notice another source file called Program. cs. If you double-click this file the following code appears in the Code and Text Editor window: namespace WinFormHello { static class Program { /// /// The main entry point for the application. /// [STAThread] static void Main() { Application. EnableVisualStyles(); Application. Run(new Form1()); } } } You can ignore most of this code. However, the key statement is: Application. Run(new Form1()); This statement creates the form and displays it, whereupon the form takes over. In the following exercise, you'll learn how to add code that runs when he OK button on the form is clicked. Write the code for the OK button 1. Click the Form1. cs[Design] tab above the Code and Text Editor window to display Form1 in the Design View. 2. Move the mouse pointer over the OK button on the form, and then double-click the button. The Form1. cs source file appears in the Code and Text Editor window. Visual Studio 2005 has added a method called ok_Click to the Form1 class. (It has also added a statement to the InitializeComponent method in the Form1. Designer. cs file to automatically call ok_Click when the OK button is 20 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP clicked.It does this by using a delegate type; delegates are discussed in Chapter 16, â€Å"Delegates and Events. †) 3. Type the MessageBox statement shown below inside the ok_Click method. The complete method should look like this: 4. private void ok_Click(object sender, System. EventArgs e) 5. { 6. MessageBox. Show(â€Å"Hello † + userName . Text); } Make sure you have typed this code exactly as shown, including the trailing semicolon. You're now ready to run your first Windows program. Run the Windows program 1. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. Visual Studio 2005 saves your work, compiles your program, and runs it.The Windows form appears: 2. Enter your name, and then click OK. A message box appears welcoming you by name. 3. Click OK in the message box. The message box closes. 4. In the Form1 window, click the Close button (the X in the upper-right corner of the form). The Form1 window closes. †¢ If you want to continue to the next chapter Keep Visual Studio 2005 running, and turn to Chapter 2. †¢ If you want to exit Visual Studio 2005 now On the File menu, click Exit. If you see a Save dialog box, click Yes to save your work. Chapter 1 Quick Reference TO Do this KeyCombination 21 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Create a onsole application new On the File menu, point to New, and then click Projec t to open the New Project dialog box. For the project type, select Visual C#. For the template, select Console Application. Select a directory for the project files in the Location box. Choose a name for the project. Click OK. Create a Windows application new On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project to open the New Project dialog box. For the project type, select Visual C#. For the template, select Windows Application. Select a directory for the project files in the location box. Choose a name for the project.Click OK. Build application F6 the On the Build menu, click Build Solution. Ctrl+F5 Chapter 2 Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions After completing this chapter, you will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Understand statements, identifiers, and keywords. Use variables to store information. Work with primitive data types. Use arithmetic operators such as the plus sign (+) and the minus sign (–). Increment and decrement variabl es. In Chapter 1, â€Å"Welcome to C#,† you learned how to use the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 programming environment to build and run a console program and a Windows Forms application.In this chapter, you'll be introduced to the elements of Microsoft Visual C# syntax and semantics, including statements, keywords, and identifiers. You'll study the primitive types that are built into the C# language and the characteristics of the values that each type holds. You'll also see how to declare and use local variables (variables that exist only within a function or other small section of code), learn about the arithmetic operators that C# provides, learn how to use operators to manipulate values, and learn how to control expressions containing two or more operators. Understanding StatementsA statement is a command that performs an action. Statements are found inside methods. You'll learn more about methods in Chapter 3, â€Å"Writing Methods and Applying Scope,† but for now , think of a method as a named sequence of statements inside a class. Main, which was introduced in the previous chapter, is an example of a method. Statements in C# must follow a well-defined set of rules. These rules are collectively known as syntax. (In contrast, the specification of what statements do is collectively known as semantics. ) One of the simplest and most important C# syntax rules states 22 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP hat you must terminate all statements with a semicolon. For example, without its terminating semicolon, the following statement won't compile: Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); TIP C# is a â€Å"free format† language, which means that white space, such as a space character or a new line, is not significant except as a separator. In other words, you are free to lay out your statements in any style you choose. A simple, consistent layout style makes a program easier to read and understand. The trick to programming well in any language is learning its syntax and semantics and then using the language in a natural and idiomatic way.This approach makes your programs readable and easy to modify. In the chapters throughout this book, you'll see examples of the most important C# statements. Using Identifiers Identifiers are the names you use to identify the elements in your programs. In C#, you must adhere to the following syntax rules when choosing identifiers: †¢ †¢ You can use only letters (uppercase and lowercase), digits, and underscore characters. An identifier must start with a letter (an underscore is considered a letter). For example, result, _score, footballTeam, and plan9 are all valid identifiers, whereas result%, footballTeam$, and 9plan are not.IMPORTANT C# is a case-sensitive language: footballTeam and FootballTeam are not the same identifier. Identifying Keywords The C# language reserves 77 identifiers for its own use, and you should not reuse these identifiers for your own purposes. These identi fiers are called keywords, and each has a particular meaning. Examples of keywords are class, namespace, and using. You'll learn the meaning of most of the keywords as you proceed through this book. The keywords are listed in the following table. abstract break char continue do event finally foreach in is as byte checked decimal double explicit fixed goto int ock base case class default else extern float if interface long 23 bool catch const delegate enum false for implicit internal namespace SREEKANTH new out protected return sizeof struct true ulong using while C# STEP BY STEP null override public sbyte stackalloc switch try unchecked virtual object params readonly sealed static this typeof unsafe void operator private ref short string throw uint ushort volatile TIP In the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, keywords are colored blue when you type them. TIP In the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, keywords are colored blue when you type them.Using Variabl es A variable is a storage location that holds a value. You can think of a variable as a box holding temporary information. You must give each variable in a program a unique name. You use a variable's name to refer to the value it holds. For example, if you want to store the value of the cost of an item in a store, you might create a variable simply called cost, and store the item's cost in this variable. Later on, if you refer to the cost variable, the value retrieved will be the item's cost that you put there earlier. Naming VariablesYou should adopt a naming convention for variables that help you avoid confusion concerning the variables you have defined. The following list contains some general recommendations: †¢ †¢ Don't use underscores. Don't create identifiers that differ only by case. For example, do not create one variable named myVariable and another named MyVariable for use at the same time, because it is too easy to get them confused. NOTE Using identifiers tha t differ only by case can limit the ability to reuse classes in applications developed using other languages that are not case sensitive, such as Visual Basic. †¢ †¢ †¢ Start the name with a lowercase letter.In a multiword identifier, start the second and each subsequent word with an uppercase letter. (This is called camelCase notation. ) Don't use Hungarian notation. (Microsoft Visual C++ developers reading this book are probably familiar with Hungarian notation. If you don't know what Hungarian notation is, don't worry about it! ) 24 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP IMPORTANT You should treat the first two recommendations as compulsory because they relate to Common Language Specification (CLS) compliance. If you want to write programs that can interoperate with other languages, such as Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, you need to comply with these recommendations. For example, score, footballTeam, _score, and FootballTeam are all valid variable names, but only the first two ar e recommended. Declaring Variables Remember that variables are like boxes in memory that can hold a value. C# has many different types of values that it can store and process—integers, floating-point numbers, and strings of characters, to name three. When you declare a variable, you must specify what type of data it will hold. NOTE Microsoft Visual Basic programmers should note that C# does not allow implicit declarations.You must explicitly declare all variables before you can use them if you want your code to compile. You declare the type and name of a variable in a declaration statement. For example, the following statement declares that the variable named age holds int (integer) values. As always, the statement must be terminated with a semi-colon. int age; The variable type int is the name of one of the primitive C# types—integer which is a whole number. (You'll learn about several primitive data types later in this chapter. ) After you've declared your variable, you can assign it a value. The following statement assigns age the value 42.Again, you'll see that the semicolon is required. age = 42; The equal sign (=) is the assignment operator, which assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. After this assignment, the age variable can be used in your code to refer to the value it holds. The next statement writes the value of the age variable, 42, to the console: Console. WriteLine(age); TIP If you leave the mouse pointer over a variable in the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, a ToolTip appears telling you the type of the variable. Working with Primitive Data Types C# has a number of built-in types called primitive data types.The following table lists the most commonly used primitive data types in C#, and the ranges of values that you can store in them. 25 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Data type int Description Size (bits) *Range Sample usage Whole numbers 32 int count; count = 42; long Whole numbers (bigger range) 64 float Floating-point numbers 32 231 through 2311 263 through 2631  ±3. 4 ? 1038 double Double accurate) numbers decimal Monetary values 128 string Sequence of characters 16 bits per Not applicable character char Single character 16 bool Boolean 8 precision (more 64 floating-point  ±1. 7 ? 10308 28 significant igures long wait; wait = 42L; float away; away = 0. 42F; double trouble; trouble = 0. 42; decimal coin; coin = 0. 42M; string vest; vest = â€Å"42†; char grill; grill = ‘4'; 0 through 216 1 bool teeth; true or false teeth false; = *The value of 216 is 32,768; the value of 231 is 2,147,483,648; and the value of 263 is 9,223,372,036,854,775,808. Unassigned Local Variables When you declare a variable, it contains a random value until you assign a value to it. This behavior was a rich source of bugs in C and C++ programs that created a variable and used it as a source of information before giving it a value.C# does not allow you to use an unassigned variable. Y ou must assign a value to a variable before you can use it, otherwise your program will not compile. This requirement is called the Definite Assignment Rule. For example, the following statements will generate a compile-time error because age is unassigned: int age; Console. WriteLine(age); // compile time error Displaying Primitive Data Type Values In the following exercise, you'll use a C# program named PrimitiveDataTypes to demonstrate how several primitive data types work. Display primitive data type values 26SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 1. Start Visual Studio 2005. 2. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click Project/Solution. The Open Project dialog box appears. 3. Move to the Microsoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 2PrimitiveDataTypes folder in your My Documents folder. Select the file PrimitiveDataTypes. sln and then click Open. The solution loads, and the PrimitiveDataTypes project. Solution Explorer displays the solution and NOTE Solution file names have the . sln suffix, such as PrimitiveDataTypes. sln. A solution can contain one or more projects.Project files have the . csproj suffix. If you open a project rather than a solution, Visual Studio 2005 will automatically create a new solution file for it. If you build the solution, Visual Studio 2005 automatically saves any updated or new files, and you will be prompted to provide a name and location for the new solution file. 4. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. The following application window appears: 5. In the Choose A Data type list, click the string type. The value 42 appears in the Sample value box. 6. Click the int type in the list.The value to do appears in the Sample value box, indicating that the statements to display an int value still need to be written. 27 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 7. Click each data type in the list. Confirm that the code for the double and bool types also needs to be completed. 8. Click Quit closing the window and stopping the program. Contro l returns to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Use primitive data types in code 1. Right-click the Form1. cs file in the Solution Explorer and then click View Code. The Code and Text Editor window opens displaying the Form1. cs file. 2.In the Code and Text Editor window, find the show Float Value method listed here: private void showFloatValue() { float var; var = 0. 42F; value. Text = â€Å"0. 42F†; } TIP To locate an item in your project, point to Find And Replace on the Edit menu and click Quick Find. A dialog box opens asking what you want to search for. Type the name of the item you're looking for, and then click Find Next. By default, the search is not case-sensitive. If you want to perform a case-sensitive search, click the + button next to the Find Options label to display additional options, and check the Match Case check box.If you have time, you can experiment with the other options as well. You can also press Ctrl+F (press the Control key, and then p ress F) to display the Quick Find dialog box rather then usin g the Edit menu. Similarly, you can press Ctrl+H to display the Quick Find and Replace dialog box. The showFloatValue method runs when you click the float type in the list box. This method contains three statements: The first statement declares a variable named var of type float. The second statement assigns var the value 0. 42F. (The F is a type suffix specifying that 0. 2 should be treated as a float value. If you forget the F, the value 0. 42 will be treated as a double, and your program will not compile because you cannot assign a value of one type to a variable of a different type in this way. ) The third statement displays the value of this variable in the value TextBox on the form. This statement requires a little bit of your attention. The way in which you display an item in a TextBox is to set its Text property. You did this at 28 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP design time in Chapter 1 using the Properties window. Thi s statement shows ou how to perform the same task programmatically, using the expression value. Text. The data that you put in the Text property must be a string (a sequence of characters), and not a number. If you try and assign a number to the Text property your program will not compile. For this reason, the statement simply displays the text â€Å"0. 42F† in the TextBox (anything in double-quotes is text, otherwise known as a string). In a real-world application, you would add statements that convert the value of the variable var into a string and then put this into the Text property, but you need to know a little bit more about C# and the .NET Framework before we can do that (we will cover data type conversions in Chapter 11, â€Å"Understanding Parameter Arrays,† and Chapter 19, â€Å"Operator Overloading†). 3. In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the showIntValue method listed here: private void showIntValue() { value. Text = â€Å"to do†; } T he showIntValue method is called when you click the int type in the list box. TIP Another way to find a method in the Code and Text Editor window is to click the Members list that appears above the window, to the right. This window displays a list of all the methods (and other items).You can click the name of a member, and you will be taken directly to it in the Code and Text Editor window. 4. Type the following two statements at the start of the showIntValue method, after the open curly brace: int var; var = 42; The showIntValue method should now look like this: private void showIntValue() { int var; var = 42; value. Text = â€Å"to do†; } 5. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. a. The build will display some warnings, but no errors. You can ignore the warnings for now. 6. In the original statement, change the string â€Å"to do† to â€Å"42†. b. The method should now look exactly like this: 9 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP c. private void showIntValue() d. { i. int var; ii. var = 42; iii. value. Text = â€Å"42†; e. } 7. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. f. The form appears again. g. TIP If you have edited the source code since the last build, the Start Without Debugging command automatically rebuilds the program before starting the application. 8. Select the int type in the list box. Confirm that the value 42 is displayed in the Sample value text box. 9. Click Quit to close the window and stop the program. 10. In the Code and Text Editor window, find the showDoubleValue method. 1. Edit the showDoubleValue method exactly as follows: private void showDoubleValue() { double var; var = 0. 42; value. Text = â€Å"0. 42†; } 12. In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the showBoolValue method. 13. Edit the showBoolValue method exactly as follows: private void showBoolValue() { bool var; var = false; value. Text = â€Å"false†; } 14. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. The form appears. 15. I n the list, select the int, double, and bool types. In each case, verify that the correct value is displayed in the Sample value text box. 16. Click Quit to stop the program.Using Arithmetic Operators C# supports the regular arithmetic operations you learned in your childhood: the plus sign (+) for addition, the minus sign (–) for subtraction, the asterisk (*) for multiplication, and the forward slash (/) for division. These symbols (+, –, *, and /) are called operators as they â€Å"operate† on values to create new values. In the following 30 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP example, the variable moneyPaidToConsultant ends up holding the product of 750 (the daily rate) and 20 (the number of days the consultant was employed): long moneyPaidToConsultant; oneyPaidToConsultant = 750 * 20; NOTE The values that an operator operates on are called operands. In the expression 750 * 20, the * is the operator, and 750 and 20 are the operands. Determining an Operator's Values Not all operators are applicable to all data types, so whether you can use an operator on a value depends on the value's type. For example, you can use all the arithmetic operators on values of type char, int, long, float, double, or decimal. However, with one exception, you can't use the arithmetic operators on values of type string or bool.So the following statement is not allowed because the string type does not support the minus operator (subtracting one string from another would be meaningless): // compile time error Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Gillingham† – â€Å"Manchester City†); The exception is that the + operator can be used to concatenate string values. The following statement writes 431 (not 44) to the console: Console. WriteLine(â€Å"43† + â€Å"1†); TIP You can use the method Int32. Parse to convert a string value to an integer if you need to perform arithmetic computations on values held as strings.You should also be aware that the type of the result of an arithmetic operation depends on the type of the operands used. For example, the value of the expression 5. 0 / 2. 0 is 2. 5; the type of both operands is double (in C#, literal numbers with decimal points are always double, not float, in order to maintain as much accuracy as possible), and so the type of the result is also double. However, the value of the expression 5 / 2 is 2. In this case, the type of both operands is int, and so the type of the result is also int. C# always rounds values down in circumstances like this.The situation gets a little more complicated if you mix the types of the operands. For example, the expression 5 / 2. 0 consists of an int and a double. The C# compiler detects the mismatch and generates code that converts the int into a double before performing the operation. The result of the operation is therefore a double (2. 5). However, although this works, it is considered poor practice to mix types in this way. C# also supports one less -familiar arithmetic operator: the remainder, or modulus, operator, which is represented by the percent symbol (%). The result of x % y is the remainder after dividing x by y.For example, 9 % 2 is 1 since 9 divided by 2 is 8, remainder 1. NOTE In C and C++, you can't use the % operator on floating-point values, but you can use it in C#. Examining Arithmetic Operators 31 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP The following exercise demonstrates how to use the arithmetic operators on int values using a previously written C# program named MathsOperators. Work with arithmetic operators 1. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click Project/Solution. Open the MathsOperators project, located in the Microsoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 2MathsOperators folder in your My Documents folder. . On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. A form appears on the screen. 3. Type 54 in the left operand text box. 4. Type 13 in the right operand text box. You can now apply any of the operators to the values in the text boxes. 5. Click the – Subtraction option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression box changes to 54 – 13, and 41 appears in the Result box, as shown in the following graphic: 6. Click the / Division option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression text box changes to 54 / 13, and the number 4 appears in the Result box. In real life, 54 / 13 is 4. 53846 recurring, but this is not real life; this is C#! In C#, when you divide one integer by another integer, the answer you get back is an integer, as explained earlier. 32 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 7. Select the % Remainder option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression text box changes to 54 % 13, and the number 2 appears in the Result box. This is because the remainder after dividing 54 by 13 is 2 (54 – ((54 / 13) * 13) is 2 if you do the arithmetic rounding down to an integer at each stage—my old maths master at school would be horrified to b e told that (54 / 13) * 13 does not equal 54! . 8. Practice with other combinations of numbers and operators. When you're finished, click Quit. The program stops, and you return to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Now take a look at the MathsOperators program code. Examine the MathsOperators program code 1. Display the Form1 form in the Design View window (click the Form1. cs[Design] tab if necessary). TIP You can quickly switch between the Design View window and the Code and Text Editor displaying the code for a form by pressing the F7 key. 2. In the View menu, point to Other Windows and then click Document Outline.The Document Outline window appears showing the names and types of the controls on the form. If you click each of the controls on the form, the name of the control is highlighted in the Document Outline window. 33 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP IMPORTANT Be careful not to accidentally delete or change the names of any controls on the form while viewing them in the Document Outline window. The application will no longer work if you do. 3. Click the the two TextBox controls that the user types numbers into on the form. In the Document Outline window, verify that they are named lhsOperand and rhsOperand.When the form runs, the Text property of each of these controls holds (as strings) the numeric values you enter. 4. Towards the bottom of the form, verify that the TextBox control used to display the expression being evaluated is named expression, and that the TextBox control used to display the result of the calculation is named result. At runtime, setting the Text property of a TextBox control to a string value causes that value to be displayed. 5. Close the Document Outline window. 6. Press F7 to display the Form1. cs source file in the Code and Text Editor window. 7.In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the subtractValues method: private void subtractValues() { int lhs = int. Parse(lhsOperand. Text); int rhs = int. Parse(rhsOperand. Text); int outcome; outcome = lhs – rhs; expression. Text = lhsOperand. Text + † – † + rhsOperand. Text; result. Text = outcome. ToString(); } The first statement in this method declares an int variable called lhs and initializes it to the result of the explicit conversion of the lhsOperand. Text property to an int. (The Text property of a TextBox is a string, and must be converted to an integer before you can store it in an int. This is what the int.Parse method does) The second statement declares an int variable called rhs and initializes it to the result of the explicit conversion of the rhsOperand. Text property to an int. The third statement declares an int variable called outcome. The fourth statement subtracts the value of the rhs variable from the value of the lhs variable, and the result is assigned to outcome. The fifth statement concatenates three strings (using the + operator) and assigns the result to the expression. Text property. The sixth st atement converts the int value of outcome to a string by using the ToString method, and assigns the string to the result.Text property. 34 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP The Text Property and the ToString Method I mentioned earlier that TextBox controls displayed on a form have a Text property that allows you to access the displayed contents. For example, the expression result. Text refers to the contents of the result text box on the form. Text boxes also have many other properties, such as the location and size of the text box on the form. You will learn more about properties in Chapter 14, â€Å"Implementing Properties to Access Attributes. † Every class has a ToString method.The purpose of ToString is to convert an object into its string representation. In the previous example, the ToString method of the integer object, outcome, is used to convert the integer value of outcome into the equivalent string value. This conversion is necessary because the value is displayed in the T ext property of the result field—the Text property can only contain strings. When you Controlling Precedence Precedence governs the order in which an expression's operators are evaluated. Consider the following expression, which uses the + and * operators: 2+3*4This expression is potentially ambiguous; does 3 bind to the + operator on its le